Clinical Reproductive Science

List of Contributors xi

About the Editor xv

Preface xvii

Acknowledgements xix

About the Companion Website xxi

Section One Reproductive Science: Fundamentals of Human Reproductive Biology 1

1 Sexual Differentiation, Gonadal Development, and Development of the External Genitalia: A Review of The Regulation of Sexual Differentiation 3 Rebecca M. Perrett

2 Male and Female Reproductive Anatomy 35 Sara Sulaiman and James Coey

3 Fundamentals of Reproductive Endocrinology 45 Derrick Ebot, Haider Hilal, Michael Carroll, and James Coey

4 The Ovaries, Oocytes, and Folliculogenesis 57 Jacques Gilloteaux and James Coey

5 The Human Spermatozoa 65 Allan Pacey and Katrina Williams

6 The Biology of Fertilization 75 Michael Carroll

7 Human Embryo Development: From Zygote Stage to Peri-Implantation Blastocyst 93 Stéphane Berneau and Michael Carroll

8 The Female Reproductive Tract and Early Embryo Development: A Question of Supply and Demand 99 Henry J. Leese and Daniel R. Brison

Section Two Clinical Reproductive Science: Causes of Male and Female Infertility 109

9 Disorders of Male Reproductive Endocrinology 111 Michael Carroll

10 Disorders of Female Reproductive Endocrinology 125 Mahshid Nickkho-Amiry and Cheryl T. Fitzgerald

11 Oocyte Aneuploidy and the Maternal Age Effect 133 Mary Herbert

12 Female Reproductive Pathology: Peritoneal, Uterine, and Fallopian Tube Pathologies 147 Kenneth Ma Kin Yue, Rosa Trigas, and Edmond Edi-Osagie

13 Pathologies of the Male Reproductive Tract 159 Aarush Sajjad, Muhammad A. Akhtar, and Yasmin Sajjad

14 The Impact of Infections on Reproduction and Fertility 177 Val Edwards Jones

15 Nutrition, Fetal Health, and Pregnancy 189 Emma Derbyshire

16 The Embryonic Environment and Developmental Origins of Health 195 Tom P. Fleming and Congshan Sun

17 Lifestyle and Environmental Impacts on Fertility 205 Ana-Maria Tomova and Michael Carroll

Section Three Clinical Reproductive Science In Practice: IVF and Assisted Reproductive Technologies 215

18 Assessing the Infertile Couple 217 Narmada Katakam, Ruth Arnesen, Caroline Watkins, Bert Stewart, and Luciano G. Nardo

19 Ovarian Stimulation Protocols 231 Nikolaos Tsampras and Cheryl T. Fitzgerald

20 Oocyte Retrieval Techniques and Culture of Oocytes 241 Dawn Yell

21 Sperm Preparation: Strategy and Methodology 251 Stephen Harbottle

22 Diagnostic Semen Analysis: Uncertainty, Clinical Value, and Recent Advances 265 Mathew Tomlinson

23 Surgical Sperm Retrieval 279 Muhammad A. Akhtar, Elizabeth Hester, Solmaz Gul Sajjad, and Yasmin Sajjad

24 In Vitro Fertilization and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection 291 Bryan Woodward

25 Morphological Assessment of Embryos in Culture 303 J. Diane Critchlow

26 In Vitro Culture of Gametes and Embryos - The Culture Medium 317 Robbie Kerr

27 Incubators in the Assisted Reproductive Technology Laboratory 333 Louise Hyslop

28 Embryo Transfer Techniques and Improving Embryo Implantation Rates 341 Rachel Cutting

29 Cryopreservation of Gametes and Embryos 351 Tope Adeniyi

30 Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis and Screening 371 Colleen Lynch and Brendan Ball

31 Long-Term Follow-Up of Children Conceived Through In Vitro Fertilization 385 Omar Abdel-Mannan and Alastair G. Sutcliffe

Index 393