Musculoskeletal X-Rays for Medical Students and Trainees

Preface, vii
Acknowledgements, viii
Part 1: Introduction, 1
1 Musculoskeletal X?-rays, 3
Introduction, 3
Basic principles of requesting plain radiographs of bones and joints, 4
Basic principles of examining and reporting plain radiographs of bones and joints, 6
Normal anatomy on musculoskeletal X-rays, 8
Part 2: Pathology, 21
2 Trauma, 23
Bone and joint injuries, 23
Specific injuries, 41
Spine, 58
Paediatric fractures, 67
Fractures in child abuse, 73
Further reading, 76
3 Arthritis, 77
Osteoarthritis, 77
Rheumatoid arthritis, 80
Crystal arthropathy, 83
Gout, 83
Calcium pyrophosphate disease, 86
Psoriatic arthritis, 91
Axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis), 95
4 Tumours and tumour?-like lesions, 98
Radiological evaluation of the patient, 98
X-rays - general principles, 101
Malignant tumours, 105
Bone metastases, 105
Multiple myeloma, 107
Plasmacytoma, 108
Osteosarcoma, 110
Chondrosarcoma, 111
Ewing's sarcoma, 113
Benign tumours, 114
Exostosis (Osteochondroma), 115
Osteoid osteoma, 116
Tumour?-like lesions, 117
Simple bone cyst, 118
Infection, 119
5 Metabolic bone disease, 120
Osteoporosis, 120
Osteomalacia, 121
Hyperparathyroidism, 122
Chronic kidney disease metabolic bone disorder, 124
Haemochromatosis, 126
6 Infection, 128
Routes of spread, 128
Causative organisms, 128
Osteomyelitis, 129
Septic arthritis, 134
Infective discitis, 136
7 Non?-traumatic paediatric conditions, 138
Developmental dysplasia of the hip, 138
Perthes' disease, 140
Tarsal coalition, 141
Osteochondritis dissecans, 143
8 Other bone pathology, 144
Paget's disease of bone, 144
Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy (HOA), 147
Avascular necrosis, 147
9 Joint replacement, 149
Hardware failure and aseptic loosening, 149
Infection, 154
Malalignment and instability, 155
Periprosthetic fracture, 156
Part 3, 157
Self-assessment questions, 159
Self-assessment answers, 172
Index, 185