Chromatographic Methods

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Introduction to chromatography.- 1.2 History of chromatography.- 1.3 Classification of chromatographic methods.- References.- 2 Theoretical considerations.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Factors influencing retention.- 2.3 Retention and equilibrium in chromatography.- 2.4 Separating efficiency of a column.- 2.5 Band broadening processes.- 2.6 Resolution.- 2.7 Quantification in chromatography.- References.- 3 Planar chromatography.- 3.1 Thin layer chromatography.- 3.2 Paper chromatography.- 3.3 Electrophoresis.- 3.4 Capillary electrophoresis.- References.- 4 Liquid phase chromatography on open columns.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Practical aspects and considerations.- 4.3 Modes of chromatography.- 4.4 Adsorption chromatography.- 4.5 Partition column chromatography.- 4.6 Ion exchange chromatography.- 4.7 Inorganic ion exchangers.- 4.8 Gel ion exchangers.- 4.9 Gel chromatography.- 4.10 Affinity chromatography.- 4.11 Covalent chromatography.- 4.12 Chromatofocusing.- 4.13 Flash chromatography.- References.- 5 Gas chromatography.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Principles of gas chromatography.- 5.3 Resolution.- 5.4 Columns and stationary phase.- 5.5 Choice of stationary phase.- 5.6 Capillary column gas chromatography.- 5.7 Gas-solid chromatography.- 5.8 Gas chromatography instrumentation.- 5.9 Sampling techniques.- 5.10 Detectors for gas chromatography.- 5.11 Supercritical gas chromatography.- 5.12 Applications of gas chromatography.- References.- 6 High performance liquid chromatography.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Modes of chromatography.- 6.3 Overview of high performance liquid chromatography instrumentation.- 6.4 Theory.- 6.5 Detailed discussion of high performance liquid chromatography instrumentation.- 6.6 Column packings and stationary phases for liquid chromatography.-6.7 Adsorption chromatography.- 6.8 Liquid-liquid partition chromatography.- 6.9 Chemically bonded stationary phases for high performance liquid chromatography.- 6.10 Chiral chromatography.- 6.11 Ion exchange chromatography.- 6.12 Ion pairing.- 6.13 Size exclusion chromatography.- 6.14 Liquid chromatography method development.- 6.15 Quantitative analysis.- 6.16 Preparative liquid chromatography.- 6.17 Microcolumns in liquid chromatography.- 6.18 Applications.- References.- 7 Chromatography and spectroscopic techniques.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Chromatographic requirements.- 7.3 Chromatographic and mass spectrometry techniques.- 7.4 Gas chromatography interfacing techniques.- 7.5 High performance liquid chromatography interfacing.- 7.6 Chromatography and mass spectrometry data systems.- 7.7 Infrared spectrophotometry.- 7.8 Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry.- 7.9 Atomic spectroscopy.- References.- 8 Processing chromatographic data.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The chromatogram.- 8.3 Data collection and processing.- 8.4 Chromatography software.- 8.5 Method development and optimisation.- 8.6 Laboratory information management systems.- References.- 9 Model or practical experiments in chromatographic techniques.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 List of experiments.- 9.3 Section A. Paper chromatography.- 9.4 Section B. Electrophoresis and related techniques.- 9.5 Section C. Thin layer chromatography.- 9.6 Section D. Column chromatography.- 9.7 Section E. Gas chromatography.- 9.8 Section F. High performance liquid chromatography.- 9.9 Section G. Capillary electrophoresis.- References.- 10 Illustrative problems in chromatography.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Plate theory and resolution.- 10.3 Van Deemter.- 10.4 Volatility and temperature in gas chromatography.- 10.5 Qualitativeanalysis.- 10.6 Quantitative analysis.- 10.7 Composite questions.- Appendix 1 Glossary of chromatographic terms.- Appendix 2 Table of chromatography symbols.