Property Rights and Bijuralism

Name: Property Rights and Bijuralism | Can a Framework for an Efficient Interaction of Common Law and Civil Law Be an Alternative to Uniform Law?
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Can a Framework for an Efficient Interaction of Common Law and Civil Law Be an Alternative to Uniform Law?

Jan Jakob Bornheim(Autor*in)

Mohr Siebeck (Verlag)

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Erschienen am 22. Oktober 2020

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Inhalt

Cover
Title
Preface
Overview
Table of Contents
Table of Abbreviations
Introduction
A. The Problem
B. Outline
C. A Note on Terminology
Part I: The Analytical Framework of Bijuralism
§ 1 The History of Civil Law in Québec
A. The Conquest of Québec
B. The Introduction of Equity in Québec
C. The Quebec Act
D. The Abolition of the Seigneurial System
E. Extent of the Seigneurial System and Feudalism
I. The Seigneur
II. The Censitaires
III. The Seigneurial System and the Civil Law on Immovables
IV. The Seigneurial System After the Conquest
V. Abolishment of the Seigneurial System
VI. Legacy of the Seigneurial System
F. United Canada, Codification, and Confederation
I. The Durham Report
II. The Codification of 1866
III. The Code civil du Bas-Canada as a Code
G. The Code civil du Québec
I. Institutional History
II. Scope of the Project
III. The Code civil du Québec as a Code
H. The Place of Civil Law in Québec
§ 2 Bijuralism and Mixed Legal Systems
A. Terminology
I. Bijuralism
II. Mixed Legal Systems
B. Bijuralism in Action
I. The First Vector of Interaction: Common Law and Civil Law
II. The Second Vector: Federal Law and Provincial Law
1. The Concept of a Federal Common Law
2. The Complimentary Relationship of Federal and Provincial Law
3. The Interpretation Act
a) Accepting Diversity
b) The Notion of Property in Federal Law
c) The Notion of Security Interest in Federal Law
d) Competing Property Rights in Federal Law
§ 3 Law and Economics
A. Law's Autonomy(?)
I. Formalism
II. Utilitarianism
III. Realism
1. Holmes
2. The Realist Challenge to Formalism
a) Law's Indeterminacy
b) The Incompleteness Theorem
3. Consequences of a Realist Approach
a) Taking Extrinsic Factors into Account
b) The Role of Law in Legal Realism
c) Adjudication is Law-Making
IV. Law and Economics
1. From Legal Realism to the Economic Analysis of Law
2. Coase's Contribution
B. Economic Analysis of Law
I. Positive and Normative Economic Analysis of Law
II. The Normative Analysis of the Law
1. Welfare and Efficiency
2. Measures of Efficiency
a) Pareto Efficiency
b) Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency
III. The Positive Analysis of the Law
1. The Two Steps of Positive Economic Analysis of Law
2. Turning Law Into Numbers
C. Law and Development
I. Law Matters
II. Legal Origin
1. Common Law and Efficiency
2. The Legal Origin Theory
3. The Legal Origin Theory and Comparative Law Theory
a) Functionalism
aa) Functionalism as a Comparative Law Theory
bb) Functionalism and Legal Origin Theory
b) Legal Transplants
III. Legal Origin Appraised
1. Comparative Law Critique
2. The Colonial Approach
a) History and Institutions
b) The Impact of Institutions on Economic Development
3. Bijuralism and Mixed Legal Systems in the Law-and-Economics Analysis
D. Conclusion
Part II: Property
§ 4 Property in Civil Law
A. Patrimony and Property
I. Patrimony
1. Patrimony in Roman Law
2. The Personal Theory of Patrimony
3. Patrimony by Appropriation
II. From Patrimonial Rights to Property
III. Types of Property
1. Corporeal and Incorporeal Property
2. Movable and Immovable Property
B. Property Rights as Real Rights
C. Ownership and Lesser Property Rights
I. Ownership
1. The Genesis of the Traditional Notion of Absolute Ownership
2. The Notion of Ownership as a Complete Right
II. Lesser Property Rights
1. Principal Property Rights
a) Usufruct, Use, and Servitude
b) Emphyteusis
2. Accessory Property Rights
III. Ownership as a Property Right
D. Right and Object of Right
I. Problem
1. The Classical Notion of Property in the Code civil du Bas-Canada
2. Property in the Code civil du Québec
II. Analysis
III. Conclusion
E. Numerus Clausus in Civil Law
I. Innominate Principal Property Rights
II. Restrictive Approach to Innominate Property Rights
III. The Addressee of the Numerus Clausus Principle
F. Acquisition of Ownership in Civil Law
I. Inter Vivos Transfer of Property in Roman Law
II. The Shift to Consensualism in French Law
III. Consensualism in Québec Law
G. Restrictions on Alienability
I. History
II. Purpose
III. Requirements
IV. Consequence
H. Vindication of Property Rights
I. Principle
II. Vindication of Incorporeal Property
III. Vindication of Property Held by Bankrupt Parties
IV. Assignability of the Right to Vindicate
I. Possession in Civil Law
I. The Notion of Possession
II. Acquisitive Prescription Through Possession
III. The Possessory Action
§ 5 Property at Common Law
A. Personal Property
I. Real and Personal Actions
II. Real and Personal Property
1. Property
2. Real Property or Personal Property
3. Choses in Action
B. Property Rights in Personal Property
I. Rights in Personal Property
II. Personal Rights and Property Rights
C. Title, Interest, and Ownership
I. Title, Interest, and Estate
1. Interest
2. Estate
3. Title
II. Ownership at Law
1. Ownership and Title
2. Ownership and Interest
3. Ownership as Used in Statutes
4. Honoré's Notion of Ownership
D. Possession and Property
I. Possession
II. Seisin
1. The Notion of Seisin
2. Seisin of Personal Property
3. Seisin and Property Right
4. Disseisin
III. Non-Possessory Property Interests as Choses in Action
E. Acquisition of Property in Common Law
I. Inter Vivos Transfer of Property in Common Law
1. From Delivery to Consensual Transfer
a) The Transfer of Property in Common Law
b) The Sale of Goods Acts
2. Transfer of Property and Relativity of Title
II. Assignment of Choses in Action
III. Adverse Possession
IV. Fruits, Accession
F. Wrongful Interference with Personal Property
I. Common Law Torts for Wrongful Interference
1. Larceny
2. Detinue
a) Requirements
b) Remedy
3. Conversion
a) Development of the Action for Trover or Conversion
b) Requirements
aa) Adverse Detention
bb) The Claimant's Interest
cc) Property Subject to Conversion
c) Remedy
4. Trespass
a) Requirements
b) Remedy
5. Replevin
a) Requirements
aa) The Claimant's Possession
bb) The Claimant's Title
cc) The Interference
dd) The Defendant's Title
b) Remedy
6. Summary of the Current State of the Law
II. The Case for Reform
G. Possessory or Proprietary Basis of Personal Property Law
I. The Case for a Property-Based Account of Personal Property
1. The Shortcomings of Possessory Protection
2. Extra-Judicial Rights Available to the Dispossessed Owner
3. Replevin
4. Third-Party Effects of Non-Possessory Personal Property Interests
II. The Case for a Possession-Based Account of Personal Property
1. Possession, Not Property as the Legal Event
2. Damages, Not Restitution as the Reply
3. Ownership, the Elusive Concept
H. Numerus Clausus in Common Law
I. Numerus Clausus Principle in 19th Century Case Law
1. Pro Numerus Clausus
2. Less Restrictive Approach to New Property Rights
3. The Meaning of English Case Law
II. The Numerus Clausus Principle in Canadian Common Law
I. Comparing Common Law and Civil Law Property
I. Objects of Property
II. Absolute Right in Property
III. The Value of Possession and Vindication of Ownership
§ 6 Equitable Property Rights
A. Law and Equity
B. Development of the Conventional Trust
I. Introduction
II. Feudal Land Law and Mortmain
III. Circumvention of the Feudal Land Law
IV. The Statute of Uses
C. The Trust Beneficiary's Right
D. Constructive Trusts
I. Nature of the Constructive Trust
1. English Law
2. Canadian Law
3. American Law
II. Beginning of the Constructive Trust
1. Canadian Law
2. English Law
3. American Law
III. Vendor-Purchaser Constructive Trusts
E. Resulting Trusts
F. The Rule Against Perpetuities
G. Equitable Liens
§ 7 The Civil Law Trust
A. The Object of Comparison
B. The Trust in the Code civil du Bas-Canada
C. The Trust in the Code civil du Québec
I. Patrimony by Appropriation
II. Trustee, Beneficiary, and Trust Property
1. Management of the Trust by the Trustee
2. The Beneficiary's Right in Relation to the Trust
a) Rights of Enjoyment and in Regards to Management
b) Protection of the Trust Property
c) The Nature of the Trust Beneficiary's Right
§ 8 Theory of Property Rights
A. Theory of Property: Why Property?
I. The Natural Account of Property
1. Will Theory of Property
2. Locke's Notion of Property
3. The Natural Account of Property and Incorporeal Property
II. Utilitarian Account of Property
III. Realist Account of Property
B. Bundle of Rights or Institution: How Property?
I. The Bundle-of-Rights Picture
1. The Hohfeldian Concept of Property
a) The Hohfeldian Scheme
b) The Notion of Property Rights and Hohfeld
c) The Transfer of Property and Hohfeld
2. Honore's Bundle of Rights
a) Property Rights as Person-Thing Rights or Person-Person Rights
b) Necessary Incident of Ownership
c) Multititularity
d) The Incidents of Ownership
3. Discrete Property Rights in the Bundle-of-Rights Picture
II. Property Law as the Law of Things
C. The Economic Analysis of Property Law
I. Efficiency of Private Property Rights
II. Tragedy of the Commons
III. Tragedy of the Anti-Commons
D. Theory of Numerus Clausus: Which Property?
I. Formalist Account of the Numerus Clausus
1. Absence of Notice
2. Absence of Consent
3. Pyramiding
4. Restraints Against Alienation
5. Conclusion
II. Philosophical Reasons for the Numerus Clausus
III. Realist Theory of the Numerus Clausus
IV. Economic Reason for the Numerus Clausus
1. Information Costs
2. Transaction Costs
3. Market
4. Fragmentation
5. Delimiting Use
V. Creating the List of Discrete Property Rights
E. Theory of Equitable Property Rights
I. The Contractarian View
II. The Personal / Property Dichotomy
III. Rights Against Rights
IV. Analysis
§ 9 Property Unjustly Gained
A. Unjustified Enrichment in Civil Law
I. Québec Law of Unjustified Enrichment
II. Scots Law of Unjustified Enrichment
1. The Condictiones
2. Unjustifed Enrichment in the Map of Scots Law
a) Unjustified Enrichment and the Law of Obligations
b) Unjustified Enrichment and Property Law
B. Origins of Restitution
I. The Common Counts
II. Moses v Macferlan
III. Equitable Restitution
C. Development of the Unjust Enrichment Principle
I. Rejection of the Implied Contract Theory
1. England
2. Canada
II. Recognition of the Unjust Enrichment Principle
1. Canadian Law
a) Murdoch
b) Rathwell
c) Pettkus v Becker
2. English Law
III. Opposition to the Unjust Enrichment Principle
1. The Tail Wagging the Dog
2. Event and Response
a) Argument
b) Counter-Argument
IV. Requirements of the Action for Unjust Enrichment
D. No Basis or Unjust Factors
I. Unjust Factors
II. No-Basis Approach
1. The English Position: The Swap Cases and Their Aftermath
2. Canadian Position on the Unjust Question
III. The Relationship Between Unjust Factors and No-Basis Approach
E. Explaining Unjust Enrichment
I. Formalist Theory of Unjust Enrichment
II. Legal Realism and Unjust Enrichment
III. Conclusion
§ 10 Proprietary Restitution
A. Proprietary Restitution
I. Canadian Law
1. Intimate Relationships
a) Principle
b) The Test for Proprietary Restitution
aa) Alternative Remedies
bb) The Link
2. Defective Transfers
3. Breach of Fiduciary Duties
a) Lac Minerals
b) Soulos v Korkontzilas
II. English Law
1. Defective Transfers
a) Chase Manhattan
b) Macmillan
c) Westdeutsche Landesbank
2. Wrongful Taking
a) Lipkin v Gorman
b) Foskett v McKeown
3. Breach of Fiduciary Duty
B. Explaining Proprietary Restitution
I. Preliminary Remarks
1. Equity's Preference for Personal Remedies
2. Requirements of a General Theory of Proprietary Restitution
II. The Unjust Enrichment Model
1. Event and Response
2. The Proprietary Restitution Test in the Unjust Enrichment Approach
a) The Birksian Model
aa) Two Necessary Conditions
bb) The Temporal Element
cc) Choosing the Appropriate Proprietary Response
b) Stevens' Model
c) Moore v Sweet
III. The Property Rights Model
IV. The Power Model
V. The Principled Approach
VI. The Specific Performance Approach
VII. Inability to Perform Personal Obligation
VIII. Summary
C. Persistence of Rights
I. Subrogation
II. Following
III. Tracing
1. The Basic Rules
2. Tracing Through Mixed Funds
3. The Multiplication of Property Rights
D. Explaining Tracing
I. Tracing in the Unjust Enrichment Model and Property Rights Model
1. The Argument Against Persistence
2. The Argument Against Property Including a Right to Proceeds
3. The Argument Against Tracing Being a Means of Enforcement
II. Challenging Foskett v McKeown
III. Conclusion
E. The Problem of Title
I. Common Law Remedies for the Recovery of Personal Property
1. Conversion
2. Money Had and Received
II. Retention of Equitable Title
III. No Correspondence Between Enrichment and Deprivation
IV. Grantham and Rickett's Argument
V. Conclusion
F. Analysis of Proprietary Restitution
I. Formalist Accounts of Unjust Enrichment and Proprietary Restitution
II. Doctrinal Reasons for a Principled Approach
III. Shortcomings of the Unjust Enrichment Account
IV. Compatibility of Proprietary Restitution with Unjust Enrichment Law
1. Subsidiarity
2. Stevens' Unjust Enrichment Model
V. Explaining Proprietary Restitution Upon the Dissolution of Intimate Relationships
VI. Certainty and Discretion in the Law of Proprietary Restitution
VII. Conclusion
Part III: Secured Transactions
§ 11 The Law and Economics of Secured Transactions
A. Introduction
I. The Economic Nature of Secured Transactions
II. The Efficiency of Secured Transactions
B. The External Argument Against the Secured Creditor's Priority
C. The Traditional Case for Secured Transactions
D. Shortcomings of the Argument for Secured Transactions
I. The Modigliani-Miller Hypothesis
II. Kaldor-Hicks Efficiency
1. The Third-Party Creditor's Loss
2. Minimizing the Impact on Third-Party Creditors
III. Moral Hazard
E. Economic Arguments for the Efficiency of Secured Transactions
I. Signalling
II. The Unsecured Creditor's Benefit
III. Information and Control Rights
1. Information Asymmetry
a) Adverse Selection
b) Moral Hazard
c) Monitoring
d) Normative Results
2. Control Rights
IV. Purchase-Money Security Interests in Economic Theory
V. Priority Relationship
F. Conclusion
§ 12 Security Interests in Common Law
A. Common Law Security Interests
I. Overview of Common Law Security Devices
1. Pledge
2. Legal Lien
3. Chattel Mortgage
4. Equitable Charge
5. Floating Charge
II. Legal or Equitable Nature of Common Law Security Devices
III. Quasi-Security Devices in Common Law
IV. Personal Property Security Law Reform in England
B. The PPSA Approach to Security Interests in Personal Property
I. Enactment of PPSAs
II. The Functionalist Approach to Security Interests
1. Concept
2. Criticism
C. The PPSA Framework
I. Creation of the Security Interest: Attachment
1. Value
2. Rights in the Collateral
3. The Evidentiary Element
II. Perfection of the Security Interest
III. Creditor Rights Deriving from a Security Interest
IV. Priority
1. General Rule
2. Purchase-Money Security Interests in the PPSA
3. Securities
4. Electronic Chattel Paper
D. Conclusion
§ 13 PPSA Security Interests and Property Law
A. Nature of the PPSA Security Interest
B. The Debtor's Right in the Collateral and the Object of Attachment
C. PPSA and the Wrongful Interference with Personal Property
D. PPSA Security Interest and Equitable Property Rights
I. Common Law Priority Rules
1. Priority of Fixed Security Interests
a) Competing Legal and Equitable Interests
b) Competing Equities
2. Priority of Floating Charges
II. Priority in Relation to PPSA Security Interests
1. Priority of the Equitable Property Right
a) General Priority Rules
b) The Rule in Barnes v Addy
2. Priority of the PPSA Security Interest Over Equitable Property Rights
3. Avoiding the Equitable Interest
a) Canadian Law
b) Australian Law
c) Statement
4. Priority in the Event of Two PPSA Security Interests
E. Bona Fide Purchase of Negotiable Property
§ 14 Security Interests in Civil Law
A. Secured Transactions Law Framework in the Code civil du Québec
I. Classification of Credit Security
II. Common Pledge of Creditors
III. No Presumption of Hypothec
B. Hypothec
I. Roman Law Origins of the Hypothec in Movable Property
II. The Hypothec as a Property Right
1. Hypothec and Patrimony
2. Right to Follow
3. Real Subrogation
4. Accessory Nature of the Hypothec
III. Taxonomy of Hypothecs
IV. The Object of the Hypothec
1. Hypothecs in Corporeal Property
2. Hypothecs in Incorporeal Property
3. Floating Hypothec
4. Hypothecs in Securities
V. Creation of the Hypothec
1. General Rule
2. Delivery
a) Delivery to a Third Party
b) Delivery of an Obligation
aa) The Val-Brillant Decision
bb) Reactions to Val-Brillant in Doctrine
cc) Subsequent Amendments to the Code civil
VI. Opposability of the Hypothec
1. General Rule
2. Publication
VII. Hypothec in Securities
1. The Notion of Securities
2. Hypothecation of Securities
VIII. Rights Deriving From a Hypothec
1. Indivisibility of the Hypothec
2. Judicial Sale of Collateral
3. No Right of Foreclosure
4. Floating and Universal Hypothecs
C. Prior Claims
I. Nature of Prior Claims
II. Certain Particular Prior Claims
1. Prior Claim of a Supplier and the Right to Resolve the Contract
2. Right of Retention
3. Prior Claims for State Claims
4. Municipal Property Taxes
D. Quasi-Security Devices in Civil Law
E. Appraisal of Québec Secured Transactions Law Reform
I. Civilian Property Law and Secured Transactions in the Code civil
1. Title-Based Devices
2. Possession in Civil Law Secured Transaction Law
3. Securities Law and Civil Law Property
a) The Property Concept in the Code civil and in Securities Law
b) The Hypothecation of Securities in the Code civil
II. Efficiency of the Code civil
1. General Framework
2. Purchase Money Security Interests in the Code civil
3. Control Rights
Part IV: Vertical Co-ordination
§ 15 Federal and Provincial Notions of Property and Security
A. Bank Act Security Interest
I. The Bank Act Framework
II. The Debtor's Original Interest
III. The Bank's Acquired Interest in the Property
IV. Bank Act Priority Rule
V. Priority under Provincial Property Law
1. Common Law: Nemo Dat
a) Innovation Credit
b) Radius Credit
2. Civil Law: Absoluteness of Property Rights
3. Amendment to the Bank Act
B. Crown Privileges
I. The Drummond Decision
II. Reaction to Drummond
§ 16 Property Rights in Insolvency
A. Divestment of the Estate to the Trustee in Bankruptcy
I. Principle
II. Insolvency of a Trust
III. The Trustee's Title to the Property
IV. The Equity of Redemption
B. Security Interests in Bankruptcy
I. General Security Interests in Bankruptcy
II. Characterization of Prior Claims as a Credit Security
1. General
2. State Claims
3. Supplier Claims
4. Property Tax Claims
III. Title-Based Security Devices in Bankruptcy
1. Common Law Quasi-Security Devices and Deemed Security Interests in Bankruptcy
a) Decision
b) Criticism
2. Civil Law Quasi-Security Devices in Insolvency
a) Prior Cases
b) Lefebvre
c) Ouellet
d) Amendments to the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act
3. Bank Act Security Interest
4. The Creditor's Insolvency
IV. Quistclose Trusts
C. The Claimant's Non-Security Title in Insolvency
D. Proprietary Restitution and Insolvency
I. Impact of the Constructive Trust
1. Canadian Law
a) Ellingsen
b) Ascent
2. American Law
II. Avoiding the Constructive Trust
1. Canadian Law
a) General Consideration
b) Awarding a Constructive Trust in Bankruptcy Court
2. American Law
a) Bankruptcy Law Considerations
b) Equitable Limits
c) Limiting Through Tracing Requirements
d) Limiting Through Trustee's Long-Arm Power
3. Conclusion
III. Different Approaches to the Problem of Constructive Trusts
1. The Unjust Enrichment Model
2. The Assumption of Insolvency Risk Approach
3. The Common-Pool Approach
IV. Bankruptcy and Proprietary Remedies in Family Law Matters
V. Analysis
E. Conclusion
Part V: Horizontal Co-ordination
§ 17 International Property Law
A. Characterizing Property
B. The Lex Situs Rule
I. Common Law and the Lex Situs Rule
1. Principle
2. Equitable Property Rights and the Lex Situs Rule
II. Civil Law and the Lex Situs Rule
C. The Conflit Mobile
I. Principle
1. Scenarios of Conflits Mobiles
2. Recognition and Transposition of Property Rights
II. Common Law and the Conflit Mobile
III. Civil Law and the Conflit Mobile
D. Vested Rights
I. Theory of Private International Law
1. Comity and Vested Rights
2. Conflicts Revolution
3. Economic Analysis of International Property Law
II. Property Rights as Vested Rights
E. International Trust Law
I. Common Law
II. The Hague Trusts Convention
III. Québec Law
1. The Rule
2. Recognition of Trusts
a) Effects of the Trust
b) Comparable Rights in Québec Law
aa) Conveyance and Delivery of the Trust Property
bb) Following
cc) Tracing
dd) Publicity of the Trust
§ 18 International Secured Transaction Law
A. Conflict of Laws of Secured Transactions in Common Law
I. Lex Situs
1. Collateral Covered by the Lex Situs
2. Scope of the Lex Situs
3. Change of Situs
a) Conflit Mobile
b) Continued Perfection
aa) Basic Rule
bb) The Good-Faith Purchaser Exception
II. Lex Destinati
III. Lex Domicilii
1. Collateral Covered by the Lex Domicilii
a) Mobile Goods
b) Non-Possessory Security Interests in Money and Negotiable Documents
c) Intangibles
2. Concept of Domicile
3. Scope of the Lex Domicilii
4. Change of Domicile
IV. Security Interests in Securities and the Conflict of Laws in the PPSA
B. Conflict of Laws of Secured Transactions in Civil Law
I. Lex Situs
1. Principle
2. Scope of the Lex Situs
3. Change of Situs
a) Conflit Mobile
b) Continued Perfection
II. Lex Destinati
III. Lex Domicilii
1. Collateral Covered
2. Change of Domicile
IV. Hypothecs in Securities and the Conflict of Laws in the Code civil
V. Hypothecs in Monetary Claims
C. Analysis
I. Co-ordination at the Choice-of-Law Level
1. Different Treatment of Goods in Transit
2. The Application of Lex Originis as a Recognition of Vested Rights
3. The Different Meanings of Domicile
4. The Tendency Towards Special Rules
II. Co-ordination when Applying the Substantive Law
1. The Exclusion of Renvoi
2. Quasi-Security Devices
3. Conflits Mobiles
§ 19 International Proprietary Restitution Law
A. Characterization of Proprietary Restitution
I. Trusts Approach
1. Hague Trusts Convention
a) Scope of the Hague Trusts Convention
b) Recognition of Court-Declared Trusts
c) The Connection
2. Common Law International Trust Law
II. Unjust Enrichment Approach
1. Common Law
2. Rome II Regulation
III. Property Law Approach
1. Distinguishing Personal and Proprietary Effects of Constructive Trusts
2. Proprietary Characterization
IV. Analysis
B. Situs of the Property
C. Proprietary Restitution and Change of Situs
I. Recognition of Proprietary Restitution in Civil Law
1. Type A Conflit Mobile
2. Type B Conflit Mobile
3. Type C Conflit Mobile
4. Type D Conflit Mobile
II. Limits on Proprietary Restitution and the Conflit Mobile
III. Rescission
Conclusion
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Index

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