Galactic Astronomy

Name: Galactic Astronomy
Brand: Princeton University Press
Price: 117.99 EUR
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James Binney Michael Merrifield(Autor*in)

Princeton University Press

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Erschienen am 13. Juli 2021

816 Seiten

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Inhalt

Cover Page
Half-title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1. Galaxies: an overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A brief history of galactic astronomy
Photometric models of the Milky Way
The nature of the spiral nebulae
Kinematic models of the Milky Way
Stellar populations
More recent developments
2. Astronomical Measurements
2.1 Positions, motions and coordinate systems
The equatorial system
Galactic coordinates
Parallax
Proper motions
Precession and nutation
Astrometric systems
2.2 Distances determined from velocities
Radial velocities
Distances from the movingcluster method
Secular parallaxes
Statistical parallaxes
2.3 Magnitudes and colors
Apparent magnitudes
Colors
Absolute magnitudes
Absolute energy distributions and bolometric magnitudes
Mass-to-light ratios
Surface brightness and isophotal radii
2.4 Gravitational lensing
2.5 Archival data and catalogs
On-line resources
Problems
3. The Properties of Stars
3.1 The masses of stars
The Mass of the Sun
Masses of binary stars
Visual binaries
Spectroscopic binaries
3.2 The radii of stars
Phase interferometry
Intensity interferometry
Speckle interferometry
Lunar occultations
Eclipsing binaries
Astrophysical estimates
3.3 Classification of stars
Novae
Pulsars
Classification of stellar spectra
The MK system
3.4 Physical interpretation of stellar spectra
3.5 Color-magnitude diagrams
Observed CM-diagrams
Luminosity and color as functions of spectral class
The physical properties of stars on the MS and RGB
Malmquist bias
Lutz-Kelker Bias
The general luminosity function
Cluster luminosity functions
Photometrically complete surveys
Proper-motion selected surveys
The luminosity function of a given MK spectral class
Catalogs of the nearby stars
3.7 Interstellar dust
Extinction and reddening
Reddening-free indices
Polarization of starlight by dust
Extinction of sightlines out of the Galaxy
Problems
4. Morphology of Galaxies
4.1 Morphological classification of galaxies
The Hubble sequence
Effects of environment
The galaxy luminosity function
The field galaxy luminosity function
The cluster galaxy luminosity function
The luminosity function divided by morphological type
The Local Group
4.2 Surface Photometry of Galaxies
The night sky
Effect of seeing
Deprojecting galaxy images
4.3 Photometry of Elliptical Galaxies
Radial surface-brightness profiles of elliptical galaxies
cD galaxies
Dwarf elliptical galaxies
Centers of elliptical galaxies
Color and line-strength gradients in elliptical galaxies
Shapes of elliptical galaxies
Ellipticity
Deviations from ellipses
Fine structure
Correlations among global parameters of elliptical galaxies
The Dn - correlation
Dwarf elliptical galaxies
4.4 Photometry of Disk Galaxies
Photometric effects of dust
Overall shapes of disk galaxies
Bulge-disk decomposition
Shapes of bulges
Color and metallicity gradients in disk galaxies
Spiral structure in disk galaxies
Barred galaxies
Vertical structure of bars
Rings in SB galaxies
Dust lanes in SB galaxies
Lop-sidedness in SB galaxies
4.5 Globular cluster systems
Globular cluster luminosity function
Specific frequency of globular clusters
Radial density profiles and shapes
Color distributions
4.6 Abnormal galaxies
Starbursting systems
Systems with active galactic nuclei
Host galaxies of AGN
The unified model of AGN
Problems
5. Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations
5.1 Stellar evolution and the CM diagram
Placing models in the CM diagram
Features in the CM diagram
Characteristic initial masses
Bounding curves in the CM diagram
Dependence of CM diagrams upon metallicity
The cosmic helium abundance
Simple numerical relations
Star formation
The initial mass function
Pulsating stars
Classical Cepheid variables
Mira variables
W Virginis stars
RR Lyrae stars
5.2 Synthesis of the chemical elements
Basic nuclear physics
Metal production at Mi & -Mup
Supernovae
Metal production by core-collapse supernovae
Metal production by type la supernovae
5.3 Models of chemical enrichment
The closed-box model
The leaky-box model
The accreting-box model
5.4 Evolution of stellar populations
Analytical results
Numerical models of population evolution
Problems
6. Star clusters
6.1 Globular clusters
Globular cluster stellar photometry
Color-magnitude diagrams
The main sequence and subgiant branch
The horizontal branch
Comparison with Theoretical CM diagrams
Globular cluster ages
Turnoff point ages
Isochrone fitting
The ?V method
The ?(B - V) method
Comparison with the age of the Universe
Variations in age
Metallicities of globular clusters
w Cen
The third parameter problem
Variations in helium abundance
Variations in other element abundances
Other candidates
Luminosity functions
Binary stars
Stellar remnants
White dwarfs
Neutron stars
Radial profiles
Large-scale properties
Luminosity segregation
Central cusps
Kinematics
Velocities of individual stars
Integrated-light kinematics
Proper motions
6.2 Open clusters
Color-magnitude diagrams
The ages and demise of open clusters
Structure and kinematics
Luminosity function
Problems
7. The Cosmic Distance Scale
7.1 An introduction to cosmology
7.2 Absolute distance estimators
The Baade-Wesselink method
Application to supernovae
The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect
Distances from time delays
The ring around Supernova 1987A
Gravitational lens time delays
Water-maser proper-motions by VLBI
7.3 Relative distance estimators
Luminosities of variable stars
Luminosity functions
Globular clusters
Planetary nebulae
Novae and supernovae
Novae
Type la supernovae
Distances from galaxy kinematics
Spiral galaxies
Elliptical galaxies
Surface brightness fluctuations
7.4 Results
Distances within the Local Group
Distance to the Galactic center
Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud
Distance to M31
Distances beyond the Local Group
Distance to the Virgo Cluster
Peculiar velocity field
The asymptotic Hubble constant
The deceleration parameter and cosmic density
Standard candles and rulers
Peculiar velocity field
Problems
8. The Inter stellar Media of Galaxies
8.1 How interstellar matter is detected
Absorption of starlight
Extreme UV and Xray observations
Optical emission lines
Hydrogen lines
Metal lines
Radio observations
The 21-cm line of atomic hydrogen
Rotation transitions of heteronuclear molecules
Synchrotron radiation
Radio-frequency bremsstrahlung and recombination lines
Dispersion and Rotation Measures
7-ray emission
Radiation by dust
8.2 The ISM in Disk Galaxies
Global measures
HI and H2 in disk galaxies
Radio-continuum and IR luminosities
Radial density profiles
Azimuthal distributions
Bars and oval distortions
Spiral structure
Lop-sidedness
Velocity fields of disks
Circular-speed curves
Kinematic warps
Oval distortions
SO galaxies
Metallicities of disk galaxies
Magnetic fields
Star formation in disk galaxies
8.3 The ISM in elliptical galaxies
X-ray emitting plasma
Cool gas in ellipticals
8.4 Intergalactic gas
The Magellanic Stream
Problems
9. The Milky Way's ISM
9.1 The kinematics of differential rotation
The naive (l,v) plot
Radii and distances from the (/, v) plot
Non-circular motion and the (I, v) plot
Axisymmetric expansion
Oval distortions
Spiral structure
Random motions
9.2 The large-scale distribution of HI and CO
The 21-cm line in emission
Measuring the spin temperature
CO lines in emission
The Milky Way's circular-speed curve
Radial distributions of HI and CO
Evidence for spiral structure
Vertical distributions of HI and CO
The middle disk
The outer disk
9.3 Other tracers of the ISM
Diffuse infrared emission
Pulsars and the Galactic magnetic field
Diffuse Ha radiation
Diffuse synchrotron and 7-radiation
Diffuse X-rays
9.4 The central disk
21-cm observations
Observations in lines of CO and CS
A dynamical model of the central disk
9.5 The nucleus
9.6 Small-scale structure of the ISM
Molecular gas in the Galaxy
X from virial masses
X from 7-rays
X from Av
Problems
10. Components of the Milky Way
10.1 Gross Structure from Surface Photometry
The Galaxy at optical wavelengths
10.2 The bulge
Integrated surface photometry
Evidence for a bar from individual stars
Age and metallicity of the bulge
Bulge kinematics
10.3 Kinematics of stars near the Sun
The solar motion
Random velocities of stars
Vertex deviation
The Schwarzschild distribution
Star streams
Causes of vertex deviation
The Oort constants
Estimating the Oort constants
10.4 The structure of the stellar disk
Ages and metallicities of nearby stars
Correlations between abundances
Correlations between age and abundance
The old disk clusters
Star counts and the thick disk
The thick disk
The local mass density of the disk
Distribution of the youngest stars
10.5 The halo
The globular cluster system
Field halo stars
Kinematically selected samples
10.6 Galaxy models
The local circular speed
Mass models
Starcount models
Kinematic models
Dynamical models
10.7 Formation and evolution of the Milky Way
Formation scenarios
Models of the chemical evolution of the Milky Way
Chemical evolution of the halo
Pre-enrichment
Problems
11. Stellar Kinematics in External Galaxies
11.1 Measuring the kinematics of external galaxies
Mean velocities and velocity dispersions
Analysis of line profiles
Posit ion-velocity diagrams and data cubes
11.2 The stellar kinematics of elliptical galaxies
Large-scale properties
Major-axis kinematics
Detection of dark halos
Kinematic mapping
Core properties
Decoupled cores
Detection of central black holes
11.3 The stellar kinematics of disk galaxies
Bulge kinematics
Disk kinematics
Rotational motion
Random motions
Problems
Appendices
A. Gravitational deflection of light
B. Important astronomical catalogs
C. Richardson-Lucy deconvolution
D. Useful numbers
References
Index

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