1 - Front Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Title page [Seite Title page]
- 2 [Seite 2]
3 - Copyright page [Seite Copyright page]
- 3 [Seite 3]
4 - Contributors [Seite 4]
4.1 - Editor [Seite 4]
4.2 - Authors [Seite 4]
5 - Contents [Seite 8]
6 - Forthcoming Issues [Seite 13]
6.1 - Forthcoming Issues [Seite 13]
6.1.1 - June 2014 [Seite 13]
6.1.2 - September 2014 [Seite 13]
6.1.3 - December 2014 [Seite 13]
6.2 - Recent Issues [Seite 13]
6.2.1 - December 2013 [Seite 13]
6.2.2 - September 2013 [Seite 13]
6.2.3 - June 2013 [Seite 13]
7 - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [Seite 14]
8 - COPD [Seite 16]
8.1 - Key points [Seite 16]
8.2 - Definition [Seite 16]
8.3 - Diagnostic criteria [Seite 17]
8.4 - ATS 1995 [Seite 16]
8.5 - ERS 1995 [Seite 16]
8.6 - Considerations for future diagnostic criteria [Seite 18]
8.7 - COPD phenotypes [Seite 19]
8.8 - Specific COPD phenotypes [Seite 19]
8.9 - References [Seite 20]
9 - Epidemiology and Prevalence of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [Seite 22]
9.1 - Key points [Seite 22]
9.2 - Introduction [Seite 22]
9.3 - Definition of COPD [Seite 22]
9.3.1 - Measures of Airflow Limitation and Reversibility [Seite 23]
9.3.2 - Clinical Features and Overlap Syndromes [Seite 23]
9.4 - Risk factors [Seite 23]
9.4.1 - Active and Passive Cigarette Smoking [Seite 23]
9.4.2 - Occupational Risk Factors [Seite 24]
9.4.3 - Air Pollution [Seite 24]
9.4.4 - Genetic Factors [Seite 24]
9.5 - Prevalence of COPD [Seite 24]
9.5.1 - Criteria and Impact on Disease Prevalence [Seite 24]
9.5.2 - Prevalence Estimates [Seite 25]
9.5.3 - Prevalence of COPD and Gender Differences [Seite 26]
9.6 - Burden of COPD and mortality [Seite 26]
9.7 - Summary [Seite 29]
9.8 - References [Seite 29]
10 - Tobacco Smoking and Environmental Risk Factors for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [Seite 32]
10.1 - Key points [Seite 32]
10.2 - Introduction [Seite 32]
10.3 - Tobacco smoking [Seite 33]
10.4 - Second-hand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke [Seite 34]
10.5 - Exposure to indoor biomass fuel smoke [Seite 35]
10.6 - Other indoor air pollutants [Seite 36]
10.7 - Occupational COPD [Seite 37]
10.7.1 - Farming [Seite 37]
10.7.2 - Other Occupations Associated with COPD [Seite 38]
10.8 - Outdoor air pollution [Seite 39]
10.9 - Summary [Seite 39]
10.10 - References [Seite 40]
11 - Genetic Susceptibility [Seite 44]
11.1 - Key points [Seite 44]
11.2 - Introduction [Seite 44]
11.3 - Unbiased approaches [Seite 45]
11.4 - Candidate gene approaches [Seite 45]
11.4.1 - The Extracellular Matrix [Seite 45]
11.4.2 - Protease-Antiprotease Balance [Seite 46]
11.4.3 - Reactive Oxygen Species [Seite 47]
11.4.4 - Inflammation [Seite 48]
11.5 - Summary [Seite 49]
11.6 - References [Seite 49]
12 - Alpha1-antitrypsin Review [Seite 54]
12.1 - Key points [Seite 54]
12.2 - Prevalence [Seite 54]
12.3 - Clinical impact [Seite 55]
12.4 - Pathophysiology [Seite 56]
12.4.1 - Susceptibility of Other Phenotypes [Seite 57]
12.5 - Augmentation [Seite 58]
12.6 - New treatments [Seite 61]
12.6.1 - Recombinant A1AT [Seite 61]
12.6.2 - Secretion Strategies [Seite 61]
12.6.3 - Gene Therapies [Seite 61]
12.6.4 - Drugs [Seite 61]
12.7 - Biomarkers [Seite 61]
12.8 - Summary [Seite 62]
12.9 - References [Seite 62]
13 - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [Seite 66]
13.1 - Key points [Seite 66]
13.2 - Introduction [Seite 66]
13.3 - Mild COPD [Seite 66]
13.3.1 - Clinical Relevance [Seite 66]
13.3.2 - Resting Physiologic Abnormalities in Mild COPD [Seite 67]
13.3.2.1 - Small airways dysfunction [Seite 67]
13.3.2.2 - Ventilation-perfusion abnormalities [Seite 68]
13.3.3 - Responses to Exercise in Mild COPD [Seite 69]
13.3.3.1 - High ventilatory requirements [Seite 69]
13.3.3.2 - Impairment of dynamic respiratory mechanics [Seite 69]
13.3.3.3 - Cardiocirculatory impairment [Seite 69]
13.3.3.4 - Skeletal muscle dysfunction [Seite 71]
13.4 - Moderate-to-severe COPD [Seite 71]
13.4.1 - Resting Physiologic Abnormalities in Moderate-to-Severe COPD [Seite 71]
13.4.1.1 - Progression of resting lung hyperinflation [Seite 71]
13.4.1.2 - Pulmonary gas exchange abnormalities [Seite 72]
13.4.2 - Responses to Exercise in Moderate-to-Severe COPD [Seite 72]
13.4.2.1 - Increased central respiratory drive [Seite 72]
13.4.2.2 - Dynamic respiratory mechanics across the continuum of COPD [Seite 73]
13.4.2.3 - Cardiocirculatory impairment [Seite 74]
13.4.2.4 - Skeletal muscle dysfunction [Seite 76]
13.5 - Physiologic mechanisms of dyspnea in COPD [Seite 76]
13.6 - Summary [Seite 77]
13.7 - References [Seite 78]
14 - Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [Seite 86]
14.1 - Key points [Seite 86]
14.2 - Introduction [Seite 86]
14.3 - Pathology [Seite 86]
14.4 - COPD as an inflammatory disease [Seite 87]
14.5 - Inflammatory cells [Seite 87]
14.6 - Epithelial cells [Seite 87]
14.7 - Macrophages [Seite 87]
14.8 - Neutrophils [Seite 89]
14.9 - Eosinophils [Seite 89]
14.10 - Dendritic cells [Seite 89]
14.11 - T lymphocytes [Seite 90]
14.12 - Mediators of inflammation [Seite 90]
14.12.1 - Lipid Mediators [Seite 90]
14.12.2 - Cytokines [Seite 90]
14.12.3 - Chemokines [Seite 91]
14.12.4 - Growth Factors [Seite 91]
14.13 - Proteases [Seite 91]
14.14 - Oxidative stress [Seite 92]
14.15 - Systemic inflammation in COPD [Seite 93]
14.15.1 - Acute Phase Proteins [Seite 94]
14.15.2 - Cytokines [Seite 94]
14.16 - Defective resolution of inflammation and repair [Seite 94]
14.16.1 - Proresolving Lipid Mediators [Seite 95]
14.16.2 - Accelerated Aging [Seite 95]
14.16.3 - Airway Fibrosis [Seite 95]
14.17 - Implications for future therapy [Seite 95]
14.17.1 - Reversal of Corticosteroid Resistance [Seite 95]
14.17.2 - New Antiinflammatory Therapies [Seite 96]
14.17.3 - New Pathways [Seite 96]
14.17.4 - The Need for Biomarkers [Seite 96]
14.17.5 - Disease Phenotypes [Seite 96]
14.17.6 - Treating Acute Exacerbations [Seite 97]
14.18 - References [Seite 97]
15 - Role of Infections [Seite 102]
15.1 - Key points [Seite 102]
15.2 - Introduction [Seite 102]
15.3 - Acute infection [Seite 103]
15.3.1 - Causes of Exacerbations [Seite 103]
15.3.1.1 - Virus [Seite 103]
15.3.1.2 - Bacteria [Seite 104]
15.3.1.3 - Coinfection with virus and bacteria [Seite 106]
15.3.2 - Community-acquired Pneumonia [Seite 106]
15.3.2.1 - Epidemiology [Seite 106]
15.3.2.2 - Causes of CAP in COPD [Seite 106]
15.3.2.3 - Role of inhaled corticosteroids [Seite 106]
15.3.2.4 - Antimicrobial therapy in COPD and CAP [Seite 107]
15.4 - Chronic infection [Seite 107]
15.4.1 - Vicious-circle Hypothesis [Seite 107]
15.4.2 - Evidence to Support Chronic Infection [Seite 108]
15.4.3 - Mechanism of Increased Susceptibility to Infection in COPD [Seite 109]
15.4.4 - Host Defects: Innate Immunity [Seite 109]
15.4.4.1 - Mucociliary clearance [Seite 109]
15.4.4.2 - Immunoglobulin A [Seite 109]
15.4.4.3 - Antimicrobial peptides [Seite 109]
15.4.4.4 - Macrophage function [Seite 110]
15.4.5 - Pathogen Mechanisms [Seite 111]
15.4.5.1 - Tissue invasion [Seite 111]
15.4.5.2 - Biofilm formation [Seite 111]
15.4.5.3 - Antigenic alteration [Seite 111]
15.5 - Future directions [Seite 111]
15.6 - References [Seite 111]
16 - Comorbidities and Systemic Effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [Seite 116]
16.1 - Key points [Seite 116]
16.2 - Introduction [Seite 116]
16.3 - Classification [Seite 116]
16.4 - Cardiovascular disease [Seite 116]
16.4.1 - Prevalence [Seite 117]
16.4.2 - Pathogenesis [Seite 117]
16.4.2.1 - Inflammation [Seite 117]
16.4.2.2 - Hypoxia [Seite 119]
16.4.2.3 - Effect of cigarette smoking [Seite 119]
16.4.2.4 - Polycythemia [Seite 119]
16.4.2.5 - Hypercapnic acidosis [Seite 119]
16.4.2.6 - Abnormalities in vascular endothelial function/vessel wall [Seite 120]
16.4.3 - Common Cardiovascular Complications [Seite 120]
16.4.4 - Interventions to Reduce Cardiovascular Complications [Seite 121]
16.4.4.1 - Smoking cessation [Seite 121]
16.4.4.2 - Effective management of COPD [Seite 121]
16.4.4.3 - Cardiovascular drugs [Seite 121]
16.5 - Skeletal muscle effects [Seite 122]
16.5.1 - Prevalence [Seite 122]
16.5.2 - Pathophysiologic Changes Associated with Muscle Dysfunction/Wasting [Seite 122]
16.5.3 - Factors Contributing to Muscle Dysfunction [Seite 122]
16.5.4 - Interventions to Improve Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction [Seite 124]
16.6 - Osteoporosis [Seite 124]
16.6.1 - Prevalence of Osteoporosis in COPD [Seite 125]
16.6.2 - Potential Contributors to Osteoporosis in COPD [Seite 125]
16.6.2.1 - Corticosteroids [Seite 125]
16.6.2.2 - Inflammation [Seite 125]
16.6.2.3 - Calcification paradox [Seite 126]
16.6.3 - Therapeutic Interventions [Seite 126]
16.6.3.1 - Nonpharmacologic measures [Seite 126]
16.6.3.2 - Pharmacologic measures [Seite 126]
16.7 - Nutritional effects in COPD [Seite 126]
16.7.1 - Prevalence and Implications [Seite 126]
16.7.2 - Factors Contributing to Nutritional Depletion [Seite 127]
16.7.3 - Therapeutic Interventions [Seite 127]
16.8 - Obesity and obstructive sleep apnea in COPD [Seite 127]
16.8.1 - Management of OSA and COPD [Seite 128]
16.9 - Anemia in COPD [Seite 128]
16.9.1 - Prevalence [Seite 128]
16.9.2 - Pathogenesis [Seite 128]
16.9.3 - Management [Seite 130]
16.9.4 - Autonomic Dysfunction [Seite 130]
16.9.5 - Prevalence and Clinical Implications [Seite 130]
16.10 - Lung Cancer and COPD [Seite 130]
16.10.1 - Prevalence [Seite 130]
16.10.2 - Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications of Lung Cancer in COPD [Seite 131]
16.11 - Psychological effects in COPD [Seite 132]
16.11.1 - Prevalence [Seite 132]
16.11.2 - Clinical Implications [Seite 132]
16.12 - Diabetes and metabolic syndrome in COPD [Seite 132]
16.12.1 - Prevalence and Pathogenesis [Seite 132]
16.12.2 - Management and Clinical Implications [Seite 132]
16.13 - Systemic inflammation in COPD [Seite 133]
16.14 - Summary [Seite 136]
16.15 - References [Seite 136]
17 - Biomarkers in COPD [Seite 146]
17.1 - Key points [Seite 146]
17.2 - Introduction [Seite 146]
17.3 - Markers and outcomes: general concepts [Seite 146]
17.4 - Biomarkers: definition and requirements [Seite 148]
17.5 - Biomarkers in COPD: where are we now? [Seite 148]
17.5.1 - Fibrinogen: the Most Promising Biomarker [Seite 148]
17.5.2 - Other Acute Phase Reactants Regulated by IL-6 [Seite 150]
17.5.3 - Emerging Biomarkers [Seite 151]
17.5.4 - Pneumoproteins [Seite 151]
17.5.5 - Other Biomarkers [Seite 152]
17.5.6 - Biomarkers of Therapeutic Responses [Seite 152]
17.5.7 - A Network Approach to Inflammation: the Systemic Inflammome [Seite 152]
17.6 - How can we progress in the field? [Seite 153]
17.7 - Summary [Seite 154]
17.8 - References [Seite 154]
18 - Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [Seite 158]
18.1 - Key points [Seite 158]
18.2 - Introduction [Seite 158]
18.3 - Definitions [Seite 159]
18.4 - Clinical features [Seite 159]
18.4.1 - Symptoms [Seite 159]
18.4.2 - Airway Obstruction and Reversibility [Seite 160]
18.4.3 - Atopy [Seite 161]
18.4.4 - Airway Hyperresponsiveness [Seite 161]
18.4.5 - The Overlap Phenotype [Seite 162]
18.5 - Genetics and environment [Seite 163]
18.5.1 - Overlap of Asthma and COPD [Seite 164]
18.6 - Inflammation and remodeling [Seite 165]
18.7 - Pharmacologic responses [Seite 166]
18.8 - Summary [Seite 167]
18.9 - References [Seite 168]
19 - Acute COPD Exacerbations [Seite 172]
19.1 - Key points [Seite 172]
19.2 - Impact of COPD exacerbations [Seite 172]
19.3 - Definition of exacerbations [Seite 172]
19.4 - Causes and pathogenesis of exacerbation [Seite 173]
19.5 - The frequent exacerbator phenotype [Seite 174]
19.6 - Exacerbation prevention [Seite 174]
19.6.1 - Vaccines [Seite 174]
19.6.2 - Inhaled Corticosteroids and Long-acting Bronchodilators [Seite 174]
19.6.3 - Dual Bronchodilators [Seite 175]
19.6.4 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors [Seite 176]
19.6.5 - Long-term Antibiotics [Seite 176]
19.6.6 - Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Home Oxygen, and Ventilatory Support [Seite 176]
19.7 - Management of the acute exacerbation [Seite 176]
19.8 - References [Seite 177]
20 - Smoking Cessation [Seite 180]
20.1 - Key points [Seite 180]
20.2 - Introduction [Seite 180]
20.3 - Physiology of smoking [Seite 180]
20.4 - Approach to a quit attempt [Seite 182]
20.5 - Strategy for the quit attempt [Seite 183]
20.6 - Pharmacotherapy [Seite 184]
20.6.1 - NRT [Seite 184]
20.6.1.1 - Nicotine polacrilex gum [Seite 185]
20.6.1.2 - Nicotine polacrilex lozenge [Seite 185]
20.6.1.3 - Transdermal nicotine [Seite 185]
20.6.1.4 - Nicotine inhaler [Seite 185]
20.6.1.5 - Nicotine nasal spray [Seite 186]
20.6.1.6 - Combinations of NRT [Seite 186]
20.6.1.7 - Bupropion [Seite 186]
20.6.1.8 - Varenicline [Seite 186]
20.6.1.9 - Off-label agents [Seite 187]
20.7 - Harm reduction [Seite 187]
20.8 - Summary [Seite 188]
20.9 - References [Seite 188]
21 - Current Drug Treatment, Chronic and Acute [Seite 192]
21.1 - Key points [Seite 192]
21.2 - Introduction [Seite 192]
21.3 - Drug treatment in acute exacerbations [Seite 192]
21.4 - Drug treatment in chronic management [Seite 194]
21.5 - ICS and COPD [Seite 194]
21.6 - Evidence-based therapy [Seite 197]
21.7 - Evaluating patients [Seite 197]
21.8 - Initial drug therapy [Seite 198]
21.9 - Alternative therapies [Seite 198]
21.10 - Emerging issues [Seite 199]
21.11 - Summary [Seite 200]
21.12 - References [Seite 200]
22 - Bronchodilators [Seite 206]
22.1 - Key points [Seite 206]
22.2 - The importance of bronchodilation in COPD [Seite 206]
22.3 - Classes of bronchodilators [Seite 207]
22.3.1 - ß2-Agonists [Seite 207]
22.3.2 - Antimuscarinic Agents [Seite 207]
22.3.3 - Methylxanthines [Seite 208]
22.4 - The choice of bronchodilators in stable COPD [Seite 208]
22.4.1 - When Starting Treatment with Bronchodilators [Seite 208]
22.4.2 - Choice of Treatment Based on Effectiveness [Seite 208]
22.4.3 - Choice of Treatment Based on Safety [Seite 209]
22.4.4 - When Combining Two Bronchodilators with Different Mechanisms of Action [Seite 209]
22.5 - Future developments [Seite 210]
22.5.1 - Novel Classes [Seite 210]
22.5.2 - New Traditional Bronchodilators [Seite 211]
22.6 - References [Seite 213]
23 - How Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors Work in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease of the Severe, Bronchitic, F ... [Seite 218]
23.1 - Key points [Seite 218]
23.2 - Introduction [Seite 218]
23.3 - PDE4 inhibitors and COPD [Seite 219]
23.4 - A triple combination therapy? [Seite 220]
23.5 - Scientific rationale for adding on a PDE4 inhibitor to an ICS/LABA combination therapy: a case for gene transactivation [Seite 220]
23.6 - Why ICS/LABA combination therapies are not enough [Seite 222]
23.7 - Candidate antiinflammatory genes [Seite 224]
23.7.1 - Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 1 [Seite 224]
23.7.2 - Glucocorticoid-induced Leucine Zipper [Seite 224]
23.7.3 - Regulator of G-protein Signaling 2 [Seite 225]
23.7.4 - Cluster of Differentiation 200 [Seite 225]
23.7.5 - Cysteine-rich Secretory Protein Limulus Clotting Factor C, Cochlin, Lgl1 Domain-containing 2 [Seite 225]
23.7.6 - p57kip2 [Seite 226]
23.7.7 - Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 [Seite 226]
23.7.8 - Cylindromatosis [Seite 226]
23.7.9 - Tristetraprolin [Seite 226]
23.8 - Gene transactivation and glucocorticoid resistance [Seite 227]
23.9 - A note on cAMP-induced, adverse-effect genes [Seite 227]
23.10 - Summary and future directions [Seite 227]
23.11 - Acknowledgments [Seite 228]
23.12 - References [Seite 228]
24 - New Drug Therapies for COPD [Seite 234]
24.1 - Key points [Seite 234]
24.2 - Introduction [Seite 234]
24.3 - Drugs to aid smoking cessation [Seite 236]
24.4 - Inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids [Seite 237]
24.4.1 - Inhaled Bronchodilators [Seite 237]
24.4.2 - ICS [Seite 237]
24.4.3 - Steroid Resistance [Seite 238]
24.5 - Antiinfective and antiinflammatory agents [Seite 238]
24.5.1 - Antibiotics [Seite 238]
24.5.2 - Antivirals [Seite 240]
24.5.3 - Agents Acting on Innate Immunity [Seite 240]
24.5.4 - Chemokine Receptor Antagonists [Seite 241]
24.5.5 - Chemoattractant Receptor-homologous Receptor Antagonism [Seite 241]
24.5.6 - LTB4 Receptor Antagonists [Seite 241]
24.5.7 - Selectin Antagonism [Seite 241]
24.5.8 - Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors [Seite 241]
24.5.9 - Kinase Inhibitors [Seite 242]
24.5.10 - Statins [Seite 242]
24.6 - Miscellaneous additional classes of new drugs [Seite 243]
24.6.1 - Antioxidants [Seite 243]
24.6.2 - Mucoactive Drugs [Seite 244]
24.6.3 - Proteases [Seite 244]
24.6.4 - Fibrosis and Remodeling [Seite 244]
24.6.5 - Biologics: MoABs [Seite 245]
24.6.6 - Aging and Autoimmunity [Seite 245]
24.6.7 - Lung Regeneration [Seite 245]
24.7 - Summary [Seite 246]
24.8 - References [Seite 246]
25 - Pulmonary Rehabilitation [Seite 256]
25.1 - Key points [Seite 256]
25.2 - Outline [Seite 256]
25.2.1 - Definition [Seite 256]
25.3 - The evidence base for pulmonary rehabilitation [Seite 257]
25.4 - Where can pulmonary rehabilitation be organized [Seite 258]
25.5 - A comprehensive intervention: program content [Seite 258]
25.6 - Patient screening and selection [Seite 260]
25.6.1 - Screening for the Extrapulmonary Consequences of COPD [Seite 261]
25.6.2 - Symptoms [Seite 262]
25.6.3 - Physical Activity [Seite 262]
25.6.4 - Severe Exacerbations [Seite 262]
25.7 - Maintaining the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation [Seite 262]
25.8 - Summary [Seite 263]
25.9 - References [Seite 263]
26 - Noninvasive Ventilation and Lung Volume Reduction [Seite 266]
26.1 - Key points [Seite 266]
26.2 - Introduction [Seite 266]
26.3 - NIV [Seite 266]
26.4 - NIV during acute hypercapnic respiratory failure [Seite 267]
26.4.1 - Indications [Seite 267]
26.4.2 - Predictors of Treatment Success and Treatment Failure [Seite 267]
26.4.3 - Ventilator Mode and Setup [Seite 268]
26.5 - Domiciliary NIV for chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure [Seite 268]
26.5.1 - Physiologic Basis [Seite 268]
26.5.2 - Respiratory Drive [Seite 268]
26.5.2.1 - Respiratory load [Seite 269]
26.5.2.2 - Respiratory muscle capacity [Seite 269]
26.5.3 - Early Trials [Seite 269]
26.5.4 - Current Data and Practice [Seite 269]
26.5.5 - Could Technical Factors Explain the Failure to Show a Benefit with NIV? [Seite 270]
26.5.6 - Summaries [Seite 270]
26.6 - LVR for the treatment of emphysema [Seite 270]
26.6.1 - Physiologic Basis [Seite 270]
26.6.1.1 - Surgical LVR [Seite 271]
26.6.1.1.1 - Bullectomy [Seite 271]
26.6.1.1.2 - LVRS [Seite 271]
26.6.2 - Bronchoscopic LVR [Seite 275]
26.6.2.1 - Endobronchial airway valves [Seite 275]
26.6.2.1.1 - Biologic LVR [Seite 276]
26.6.2.1.2 - Bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation (steam) [Seite 277]
26.6.2.1.3 - RePneu LVR coils [Seite 277]
26.6.2.1.4 - Airways bypass stents [Seite 278]
26.7 - Summary [Seite 280]
26.8 - References [Seite 280]
27 - Index [Seite 286]
27.1 - A [Seite 286]
27.2 - B [Seite 286]
27.3 - C [Seite 287]
27.4 - D [Seite 289]
27.5 - E [Seite 289]
27.6 - F [Seite 289]
27.7 - G [Seite 289]
27.8 - H [Seite 290]
27.9 - I [Seite 290]
27.10 - K [Seite 290]
27.11 - L [Seite 290]
27.12 - M [Seite 291]
27.13 - N [Seite 291]
27.14 - O [Seite 291]
27.15 - P [Seite 291]
27.16 - Q [Seite 292]
27.17 - R [Seite 292]
27.18 - S [Seite 292]
27.19 - T [Seite 292]
27.20 - V [Seite 293]
Contributors
Editor
PETER J. BARNES, FRS, FMedSci, Head of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
Authors
ALVAR AGUSTI, MD, PhD, Professor, Thorax Institute, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Mallorca, Spain
PETER J. BARNES, FRS, FMedSci, Head of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
PETER CALVERLEY, DSc, FMedSc, Professor, Respiratory Research, Clinical Sciences Department, Professor of Respiratory Medicine, Institute of Ageing & Chronic Diseases, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, United Kingdom
CARLOS AUGUSTO CAMILLO, PT, MSc, Respiratory Rehabilitation and Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven; Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
MARIO CAZZOLA, MD, Professor of Respiratory Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
GOURAB CHOUDHURY, MBBS, MRCP(UK), ELEGI and COLT Laboratories, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
DAVID M. DAUGHTON, MS, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
HELEEN DEMEYER, PT, MSc, Respiratory Rehabilitation and Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven; Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
ENRIQUE DIAZ-GUZMAN, MD, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
MARK A. GIEMBYCZ, BSc, PhD, Professor, Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Pulmonary Pharmacology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
TREVOR T. HANSEL, FRCPath, PhD, Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU), Biomedical Research Centre (BMRC), Centre for Respiratory Infection (CRI), National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College, Paddington, London, United Kingdom
MIEK HORNIKX, PT, MSc, Respiratory Rehabilitation and Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven; Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
WIM JANSSENS, MD, PhD, Respiratory Rehabilitation and Respiratory Division, University Hospital Leuven; Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
PIERANTONIO LAVENEZIANA, MD, PhD, Laboratoire de Physio-Pathologie Respiratoire, Faculté de Médecine Pierre et Marie Curie (site Pitié-Salpêtrière), Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Paris, France
DAVID A. LOMAS, PhD, ScD, FRCP, FMedSci, Professor, University College London, London, United Kingdom
ALEX J. MACKAY, BSc(Hons), MRCP, Clinical Fellow in Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
WILLIAM MACNEE, MBChB, MD, FRCP(G), FRCP(E), ELEGI and COLT Laboratories, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
DAVID M. MANNINO, MD, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, Kentucky
STEFAN J. MARCINIAK, PhD, FRCP, Doctor, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (CIMR), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
MARIA GABRIELLA MATERA, MD, PhD, Professor of Pharmacology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
PATRICK BRIAN MURPHY, MRCP, PhD, Lane Fox Clinical Respiratory Physiology Group, Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
J. ALBERTO NEDER, MD, DSc, Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
ROBERT NEWTON, BSc, PhD, Professor, Alberta Innovates-Health Solutions Senior Scholar, Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Airways Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
DENIS E. O'DONNELL, MD, FRCP(I), FRCP(C), Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Kingston General Hospital, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
MICHAEL IAIN POLKEY, PhD, FRCP, NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
DIRKJE S. POSTMA, MD, PhD, Department of Pulmonology, GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
ROBERTO RABINOVICH, MBBS, MD, PhD, ELEGI and COLT Laboratories, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
KAMEN RANGELOV, MD, Fellow, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, New York
HELEN K. REDDEL, MD, PhD, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
STEPHEN I. RENNARD, MD, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Larson Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, 985910 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
CLARE L. ROSS, MRCP, Imperial Clinical Respiratory Research Unit (ICRRU), Biomedical Research Centre (BMRC), Centre for Respiratory Infection (CRI), National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College, Paddington, London, United Kingdom
SUNDEEP SALVI, MD, DNB, PhD, FCCP, Director, Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India
SANJAY SETHI, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division Chief, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Staff Physician, VA Western New York Healthcare System, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
DON D. SIN, MD, PhD, Professor, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, The Institute for Heart and Lung Health, James Hogg Research Center, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
RICHA SINGH, BSc(Hons), MRCP, Clinical Fellow in Respiratory Medicine, Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, United Kingdom
ROBERT A. STOCKLEY, MD, DSc, FRCP, Professor of Medicine, ADAPT Project, Lung Function & Sleep Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
NICK H.T. TEN HACKEN, MD, PhD, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD,...
