Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse

FOREWORD xi
PREFACE xiii
CONTRIBUTORS xv
REVIEW PANEL xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix
PART 1 SYNTHETIC and SEMISYNTHETIC CHEMICALS 1
I Amphetamines and Phenethylamine Derivatives 3
1 Amphetamine and Methamphetamine 3
2 Methylphenidate 57
3 Prolintane 69
4 Propylhexedrine 72
II Club Drugs 77
5 Flunitrazepam 77
6 Gamma Hydroxybutyrate and Related Drugs 89
7 Ketamine 110
8 Methcathinone, Mephedrone, and Methylone 120
9 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy, MDMA) 126
Nicholas A. Buckley, MD
10 Psychoactive Phenethylamine, Piperazine, andPyrrolidinophenone Derivatives 156
Brandon Wills, DO, MS, Timothy Erickson, MD
11 Tryptamine Designer Drugs 193
III Eating Disorders and Appetite Suppressants 200
12 Diuretics, Ipecac, and Laxatives 200
Cyrus Rangan, MD
13 Noradrenergic Agents 233
Cyrus Rangan, MD
14 Serotoninergic and Mixed Agents 255
IV Ergogenic Agents and Supplements 275
15 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids 275
16 Clenbuterol and Salbutamol (Albuterol) 295
James Rhee, MD, Timothy Erickson, MD
17 Erythropoietin Stimulation and Other Blood Doping Methods306
James Rhee, MD, Timothy Erickson, MD
18 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin 326
19 Human Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 334
20 Nutritional Supplements 351
V Ethanol 365
21 Ethanol 365
VI Lysergic Acid Diethylamide 452
22 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) 452
VII Older Sedative Hypnotic Drugs 467
23 Barbiturates (Amobarbital, Butalbital, Pentobarbital,Secobarbital) 467
24 Ethchlorvynol 486
25 Glutethimide 491
26 Meprobamate 497
27 Methaqualone and Related Compounds 504
VIII Opioids 514
28 Buprenorphine 514
29 Dextromethorphan 527
30 Fentanyl Analogues 539
31 Heroin and the Opium Poppy Plant (Papaver somniferumL.) 546
32 Methadone 579
33 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) 603
IX Phencyclidine 608
34 Phencyclidine and Phencyclidine Analogues 608
X Volatile Substances of Abuse 633
35 Volatile Substance Abuse 633
A Anesthetics 642
36 Chloroform 642
37 Ethers 647
38 Halogenated Ethers (Enflurane, Isoflurane, Methoxyflurane,Sevoflurane) 653
39 Halothane 664
40 Nitrous Oxide 670
B Fluorinated Alkanes 676
41 Fluorinated Alkanes 676
C Industrial Hydrocarbons 684
42 Butane, Isobutane, and Propane 684
43 Ethyl Chloride 691
44 Gasoline 695
45 n-Hexane 702
46 Methanol 709
47 Naphthalene and para-Dichlorobenzene (Mothballs)716
48 Toluene 725
49 Trichloroethane 737
50 Trichloroethylene 743
D Nitrogen Compounds 751
51 Amyl and Butyl Nitrites 751
PART 2 PSYCHOACTIVE PLANTS 759
52 Absinthe 761
53 Ayahuasca, Harmala Alkaloids, and Dimethyltryptamines 768
54 Betel Quid and Areca Nut 781
55 Caffeine 788
56 Cocaine 805
57 Ibogaine (Tabernanthe iboga Baill.) 867
58 Khat (Catha edulis (Vahl) Forsskal ex Endl.) andCathinone 873
59 Kratom
[Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.] 880
60 Marijuana (Cannabis sativa L.) and SyntheticCannabinoids 886
61 Mate Tea (Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil.) 932
62 Morning Glory Family (Convolvulaceae) 938
63 Peyote [Lophophora williamsii (Lem. Ex Salm-Dyck)Coult.] and Mescaline 944
64 Psilocybin and Hallucinogenic Mushrooms 950
65 Salvia divinorum Epling & Jativa and Salvinorin A961
66 Tobacco, Nicotine, and Pituri 968
INDEX 993