Fundamentals of Human Embryology

PREFACE INTRODUCTION Terminology Advice to the Student about Embryology CHAPTER ONE: Preparation of Gametes for Embryonic Development THE CELL Mitosis Meiosis Oogenic' Meiosis 'Spermatogenic' Meiosis Gametogenesis Fertilisation and Cleavage CHAPTER TWO: Formation of the Embryo and Implantation FORMATION OF THE EMBRYO The Fate of the Mesoderm Derivatives of the Paraxial Mesoderm Derivative of the Intermediate Mesoderm Derivatives of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm Implantation, Placentation and Extra-embryonic Membranes Placenta Formation The Fate of the Extra-embryonic Membranes FORMATION AND FATE OF THE INTRA-EMBRYONIC AND EXTRA-EMBRYONIC COELOMATA Formation of the Extra-embryonic Coelom Formation of the Intra-embryonic Coelom The Fate of the Intra-embryonic Coelom CHAPTER THREE: Organogenesis THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The Earliest Blood Vessels Early Heart Development Formation of Bilateral Atrioventricular Canals Septation of the Atrium Expansion of the Left Atrium Formation of the 'Spiral' Septum of the Truncus Arteriosus Formation of the Semilunar Valves Septation of the Ventricle Formation of the Atrioventricular Valves Formation of the Coronary Arteries and Veins Development of the Systemic Arteries Fate of the Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Fate of the Branches of the Dorsal Aorta Development of Limb Arteries Upper Limb Lower Limb Development of Veins Vitelline and Umbilical Veins Formation of the Portal Vein Development of the Lymphatic System The Conducting System of the Heart Anatomical and Physiological Changes to the Circulation at Birth GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT AND RELATED STRUCTURES Development of Structures of Head and Neck Development of the Face Derivatives of the Stomodeum Development of the Hypopyhsis Cerebri (Pituitary Gland) DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE AND PALATE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEETH THE PHARYNX AND ITS DERIVATIVES Development of the Pharyngeal Arches The Pharyngeal Grooves The Pharyngeal Pouches The Development of the Tongue The Development of the Thyroid Gland Development of the Salivary Glands The Development of the Gastro-intestinal Tract Development of the Stomach and Duodenum Development of the Midgut Development of the Hindgut Development of Associated Gastro-intestinal Organs and the Spleen Spleen Liver Pancreas Development of the Diaphragm DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM UROGENITAL SYSTEM Urinary System Development of the Kidney Development of the Urinary Bladder and Urethra Formation of the Prostate Gland Genital System The Indifferent Gonad Development of the Testis and its Relationship to the Mesonephric Duct Development of the Ovary and Uterus Development of the External Genitalia DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Central Nervous System Early Development Development of the Spinal Cord General Development of the Brain Development of the Telencephalon Formation of the Cerebral Cortex Development of the Diencephalon Combined Development of the Telencephalon and Diencephalon Development of the Midbrain Formation of the Choroidal Fissure and Choroid Plexus Formation of the Commissures of the Brain The Rostral Group The Posterior Group Development of the Rhombencephalon Development of the Cerebellum Development of the Peripheral Nervous System The Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves The Autonomic Nervous System Development of Pre- and Postganglionic Fibres Development of Sympathetic Trunk Development of Prevertebrate Ganglia Development of Primary and Secondary Sympathetic Outflows THE NEURAL CREST Origin of Neural Crest Cells Migration of Neural Crest Cells Cranial Neural Crest Trunk Neural Crest The Ailing Neural Crest Development of the Eye General Development Development of the Optic Cup Development of the Ciliary Body Development of the Iris Development of the Lens Development of the External Layers of the Eye Development of the Ear Structures Developing in the Membranous Labyrinth Skeletal and Muscular Systems Development of a Typical Vertebra Development of the Myotome and Associated Nervous Elements Development of the Limbs Development of the External Features of the Limbs Development of the Internal Structures of the Limbs Development of Limb Joints Development of the Limb Musculature Innervation of the Limbs Development of the Arteries of the Limbs Venous Drainage of the Limbs Rotation of the Limbs Osteogenesis Intramembranous Ossification Endochondral Ossification Remodelling of Bone The Development of the Skull Development of the Neurocranium Development of the Basicranium Development of the Viscerocranium Growth of the Skull Diploë Sutural Growth Fontanelles The Development of the Temporomandibular Joint The Integument (The Skin and its Appendages) Epidermis Dermis Hair Sebaceous Glands Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands Mammary Glands Nails INDEX APPENDIX THE FUNDAMENTALS PREFACE INTRODUCTION Terminology Advice to the Student about Embryology CHAPTER ONE: Preparation of Gametes for Embryonic Development THE CELL Mitosis Meiosis Oogenic' Meiosis 'Spermatogenic' Meiosis Gametogenesis Fertilisation and Cleavage CHAPTER TWO: Formation of the Embryo and Implantation FORMATION OF THE EMBRYO The Fate of the Mesoderm Derivatives of the Paraxial Mesoderm Derivative of the Intermediate Mesoderm Derivatives of the Lateral Plate Mesoderm Implantation, Placentation and Extra-embryonic Membranes Placenta Formation The Fate of the Extra-embryonic Membranes FORMATION AND FATE OF THE INTRA-EMBRYONIC AND EXTRA-EMBRYONIC COELOMATA Formation of the Extra-embryonic Coelom Formation of the Intra-embryonic Coelom The Fate of the Intra-embryonic Coelom CHAPTER THREE: Organogenesis THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The Earliest Blood Vessels Early Heart Development Formation of Bilateral Atrioventricular Canals Septation of the Atrium Expansion of the Left Atrium Formation of the 'Spiral' Septum of the Truncus Arteriosus Formation of the Semilunar Valves Septation of the Ventricle Formation of the Atrioventricular Valves Formation of the Coronary Arteries and Veins Development of the Systemic Arteries Fate of the Pharyngeal Arch Arteries Fate of the Branches of the Dorsal Aorta Development of Limb Arteries Upper Limb Lower Limb Development of Veins Vitelline and Umbilical Veins Formation of the Portal Vein Development of the Lymphatic System The Conducting System of the Heart Anatomical and Physiological Changes to the Circulation at Birth GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT AND RELATED STRUCTURES Development of Structures of Head and Neck Development of the Face Derivatives of the Stomodeum Development of the Hypopyhsis Cerebri (Pituitary Gland) DEVELOPMENT OF NOSE AND PALATE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEETH THE PHARYNX AND ITS DERIVATIVES Development of the Pharyngeal Arches The Pharyngeal Grooves The Pharyngeal Pouches The Development of the Tongue The Development of the Thyroid Gland Development of the Salivary Glands The Development of the Gastro-intestinal Tract Development of the Stomach and Duodenum Development of the Midgut Development of the Hindgut Development of Associated Gastro-intestinal Organs and the Spleen Spleen Liver Pancreas Development of the Diaphragm DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM UROGENITAL SYSTEM Urinary System Development of the Kidney Development of the Urinary Bladder and Urethra Formation of the Prostate Gland Genital System The Indifferent Gonad Development of the Testis and its Relationship to the Mesonephric Duct Development of the Ovary and Uterus Development of the External Genitalia DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Central Nervous System Early Development Development of the Spinal Cord General Development of the Brain Development of the Telencephalon Formation of the Cerebral Cortex Development of the Diencephalon Combined Development of the Telencephalon and Diencephalon Development of the Midbrain Formation of the Choroidal Fissure and Choroid Plexus Formation of the Commissures of the Brain The Rostral Group The Posterior Group Development of the Rhombencephalon Development of the Cerebellum Development of the Peripheral Nervous System The Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves The Autonomic Nervous System Development of Pre- and Postganglionic Fibres Development of Sympathetic Trunk Development of Prevertebrate Ganglia Development of Primary and Secondary Sympathetic Outflows THE NEURAL CREST Origin of Neural Crest Cells Migration of Neural Crest Cells Cranial Neural Crest Trunk Neural Crest The Ailing Neural Crest Development of the Eye General Development Development of the Optic Cup Development of the Ciliary Body Development of the Iris Development of the Lens Development of the External Layers of the Eye Development of the Ear Structures Developing in the Membranous Labyrinth Skeletal and Muscular Systems Development of a Typical Vertebra Development of the Myotome and Associated Nervous Elements Development of the Limbs Development of the External Features of the Limbs Development of the Internal Structures of the Limbs Development of Limb Joints Development of the Limb Musculature Innervation of the Limbs Development of the Arteries of the Limbs Venous Drainage of the Limbs Rotation of the Limbs Osteogenesis Intramembranous Ossification Endochondral Ossification Remodelling of Bone The Development of the Skull Development of the Neurocranium Development of the Basicranium Development of the Viscerocranium Growth of the Skull Diploë Sutural Growth Fontanelles The Development of the Temporomandibular Joint The Integument (The Skin and its Appendages) Epidermis Dermis Hair Sebaceous Glands Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands Mammary Glands Nails INDEX APPENDIX THE FUNDAMENTALS