Trade, Health, and the Burden of Proof in WTO Law

Name: Trade, Health, and the Burden of Proof in WTO Law
Brand: Kluwer Law International
Price: 219.99 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

Joachim Ahman(Autor*in)

Kluwer Law International (Verlag)

Erschienen am 5. Dezember 2011

352 Seiten

E-Book

ePUB mit Adobe-DRM

Systemvoraussetzungen

978-90-411-4291-7 (ISBN)

219,99 €inkl. 7% MwSt.

Systemvoraussetzungen

für ePUB mit Adobe-DRM

E-Book Einzellizenz

Als Download verfügbar

Beschreibung

Weitere Details

Weitere Ausgaben

Inhalt

Intro
Title Page
Contents
Copyright Page
List of Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 The Burden of Proof Concept
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Law and the Facts
2.2.1 Legal Consequences Attached to Facts
2.2.2 Abstract and Concrete Legal Facts
2.2.3 Evidentiary Facts
2.2.4 Questions of Law and Questions of Fact
2.2.5 Who Should Provide Answers to Questions of Law?
2.2.5.1 The Principle Jura Novit Curia
2.2.5.2 The Prohibition of Non Liquet
2.2.6 Who Should Provide Answers to Questions of Fact?
2.3 The Establishment of the Factum Probandum
2.3.1 A Probabilistic Approach
2.3.2 The Persuasive Burden
2.3.3 The Standard of Proof
2.3.4 Arguments for Allocating the Persuasive Burden to a Certain Party and for Applying a Certain Standard of Proof
2.3.4.1 Reducing the Risk of Erroneous Outcomes
2.3.4.2 Type I and Type II Errors
2.3.4.3 Four Categories of Arguments
2.3.5 Evidence and the Burden to Prove Evidentiary Facts
2.3.6 The Evaluation of Evidence and the Tactical Burden
2.3.7 The Original Probability
2.3.8 Presumptions
2.3.9 Prima Facie Evidence
2.3.10 The Standard of Review
2.4 The Principle Actori Incumbit Probatio
2.4.1 General Burden of Proof Principles
2.4.2 How to Apply the Principle Actori Incumbit Probatio
2.4.3 General Rules and Exceptions
2.4.4 Arguments for Allocating the Burden to the Claimant under General Rules
2.4.5 Arguments for Allocating the Burden to the Defendant under Exceptions
2.4.6 Arguments for Allocating the Burden to the Claimant under Exceptions and to the Defendant under General Rules
2.5 The Health Risk as a Factum Probandum
2.5.1 Two Layers of Uncertainty
2.5.2 The Definition of Risk
2.5.3 Risk and Uncertainty
2.5.4 Analysing Uncertainty
2.5.5 Risk Assessment and Risk Management
2.5.6 Uncertainty Related to the Health Risk and Uncertainty Related to the Standard of Proof
2.6 Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 3 The Burden of Proof in WTO Law
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Proceedings
3.2.1 Initiating a Proceeding
3.2.2 Consultations
3.2.3 Panel Proceedings
3.2.4 Appellate Body Proceedings
3.2.5 Recommendations and Implementation
3.3 The Law and the Facts
3.3.1 Questions of Law
3.3.2 Questions of Fact
3.4 The Persuasive Burden
3.4.1 The Principle Actori Incumbit Probatio
3.4.2 General Rules and Exceptions
3.4.2.1 The Approach in Case Law
3.4.2.2 Exceptions in the First Sense
3.4.2.3 Exceptions in the Second Sense
3.5 The Standard of Proof
3.6 Establishing a Prima Facie Case
3.7 Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 4 Health Protection Measures under the GATT 1994
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Relevant Provisions and Order of Analysis
4.3 Article XX(b)
4.3.1 The Provision
4.3.2 Is the Measure's Objective to Protect Human Life or Health?
4.3.2.1 Where to Look for the Measure's Objective?
4.3.2.2 Measures with Several Objectives
4.3.2.3 What Health Risks?
4.3.2.4 Does the Health Risk Exist?
4.3.2.5 The Life and Health of What Humans?
4.3.3 Is the Measure Necessary to Protect Human Life or Health?
4.3.3.1 The Necessity of What?
4.3.3.2 The Different Steps of the Necessity Analysis
4.3.3.3 The Measure's Contribution to the Achievement of the Objective
4.3.3.4 The Importance of the Measure's Objective
4.3.3.5 The Trade Restrictiveness of the Measure
4.3.3.6 Weighing and Balancing the Factors
4.3.3.7 The Comparison with Alternative Measures
4.4 The Chapeau of Article XX
4.4.1 The Provision
4.4.2 The Purpose of the Chapeau
4.4.3 The Measure Itself and the Application of the Measure
4.4.4 Has the Application of the Measure Resulted in Arbitrary or Unjustifiable Discrimination?
4.4.4.1 Three Elements
4.4.4.2 Between Countries Where the Same Conditions Prevail
4.4.4.3 Discrimination
4.4.4.4 Arbitrary or Unjustifiable
4.4.5 Has the Application of the Measure Resulted in a Disguised Restriction?
4.5 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk
4.6 The Burden of Proof
4.6.1 Case Law
4.6.2 Effects and Arguments
4.7 Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 5 Health Protection Measures under the SPS Agreement
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Relevant Provisions and Order of Analysis
5.3 Scientific Justification
5.3.1 Articles 5.1 and 5.2
5.3.1.1 The Provisions
5.3.1.2 Two Types of Risk Assessment
5.3.1.3 The Elements of the First Type of Risk Assessment
5.3.1.4 The Elements of the Second Type of Risk Assessment
5.3.1.5 The Risk Assessor
5.3.1.6 Risk Assessment and Risk Management
5.3.1.7 The Existence of a Risk
5.3.1.8 Specificity
5.3.1.9 The Scientific Basis
5.3.1.10 Appropriate to the Circumstances
5.3.1.11 Risk Assessment Techniques Developed by the Relevant International Organizations
5.3.1.12 Is the Measure Based on the Risk Assessment?
5.3.2 Article 2.2
5.3.2.1 The Provision
5.3.2.2 Is the Measure Necessary to Protect Human Life or Health?
5.3.2.3 Is the Measure Based on Scientific Principles and Not Maintained without Sufficient Scientific Evidence?
5.3.2.4 The Relationship between Articles 2.2 and 5.1
5.3.3 Article 5.7
5.3.3.1 The Provision
5.3.3.2 The Relationship between Article 5.7 and Articles 2.2 and 5.1
5.3.3.3 The Relationship between Article 5.7 and Articles 2.3, 5.5, and 5.6
5.3.3.4 Is There a Situation Where Relevant Scientific Evidence Is Insufficient?
5.3.3.5 Has the Measure Been Adopted on the Basis of Available Pertinent Information?
5.3.3.6 Has the Member Sought to Obtain the Additional Information Necessary for a More Objective Assessment of Risk?
5.3.3.7 Has the Member Reviewed the Measure within a Reasonable Period of Time?
5.3.4 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk
5.3.5 The Burden of Proof
5.4 Consistency and Non-discrimination
5.4.1 Article 5.5
5.4.1.1 The Provision
5.4.1.2 Has the Member Adopted Levels of Protection in Several Different Situations?
5.4.1.3 Do the Levels of Protection Exhibit an Arbitrary or Unjustifiable Distinction?
5.4.1.4 Has the Distinction Resulted in Discrimination or a Disguised Restriction?
5.4.2 Article 2.3
5.4.2.1 The Provision
5.4.2.2 Does the Measure Arbitrarily or Unjustifiably Discriminate?
5.4.2.3 Has the Measure Been Applied in a Manner, Which Constitutes a Disguised Restriction?
5.4.3 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk
5.4.4 The Burden of Proof
5.5 Trade Restrictiveness
5.5.1 Article 5.6
5.5.1.1 The Provision
5.5.1.2 Does a Reasonably Available Alternative Measure Exist?
5.5.1.3 Does the Alternative Measure Achieve the Level of Protection?
5.5.1.4 Is the Alternative Measure Significantly Less Trade Restrictive?
5.5.2 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk
5.5.3 The Burden of Proof
5.6 Harmonization
5.6.1 Article 3.1
5.6.1.1 The Provision
5.6.1.2 Does a Relevant Standard Exist?
5.6.1.3 Is the Measure Based on the Standard?
5.6.2 Article 3.2
5.6.2.1 The Provision
5.6.2.2 Does the Measure Conform to the Standard?
5.6.2.3 The Presumption of Consistency
5.6.3 Article 3.3
5.6.3.1 The Provision
5.6.3.2 Measures Deviating from Standards
5.6.3.3 Scientific Justification of Deviating Measures
5.6.4 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk
5.6.5 The Burden of Proof
5.7 The Burden of Proof
5.7.1 Case Law
5.7.2 Effects and Arguments
5.8 Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 6 Summary and Conclusions
Bibliography
Table of Cases
Index

Systemvoraussetzungen

Als PDF speichern Als Link merken

Trade, Health, and the Burden of Proof in WTO Law

Beschreibung

Weitere Details

Weitere Ausgaben

Andere Ausgaben

Inhalt

Systemvoraussetzungen