Restoration of Multifunctional Cultural Landscapes

Foreword Part I: Introduction - Traditional cultural landscapes in the world 1. Traditional cultural landscapes - a theoretical framework Basics on definitions of landscapes and cultural landscapes are outlined referring to contributions from geography, landscape ecology, and environmental sciences. Particularly, the meaning of "traditional" is specified as a basis for this book. 2. Types of traditional cultural landscapes throughout the world Traditional cultural landscapes having evolved all over the world during millennia or centuries are categorized and described. Under focus are all landscapes which have been or still are used mostly in an extensive way. 2.1 Forest landscapes 2.2 Agroforestry landscapes 2.3 Pasture landscapes 2.4 Terraced landscapes 2.5 Irrigation landscapes 2.6 Lakescapes 2.7 Riverscapes 2.8 Coastal landscapes and seascapes 2.9 Hunting and park landscapes 2.10 Monastic landscapes 2.11 Sacred and spiritual landscapes 3. What's so important about traditional cultural landscapes? Reasons for the maintenance, preservation, and restoration of traditional cultural landscape are outlined, focusing on ecosystem services, including biodiversity and human health as well as on traditional ecological knowledge still present and practiced by the local communities. 3.1 Ecosystem services of traditional cultural landscapes 3.1.1 Provisioning and regulation services 3.1.2 Biodiversity 3.1.3 Cultural ecosystem and landscape services 3.2 Traditional cultural landscapes as healthy environments 3.3 Traditional ecological knowledge as an asset of traditional cultural landscapes 4. Traditional cultural landscapes as real laboratories for strong sustainability A new paradigm is introduced which aims at traditional cultural landscapes as real labs for strong sustainability and the maintenance of biodiversity and agrobiodiversity, respectively. Part II: A sustainable balance between intensively and extensively used landscapes 5. Global land-use development trends: Traditional cultural landscapes under threat The worldwide threats on traditional cultural landscapes are discussed, taking urbanization and land-use intensification into account. A particular focus is laid on land abandonment which can be observed all over the globe, in remote mountain areas as well as in the lowlands. 5.1 Urbanization and the continuous growth of cities and megacities 5.1.1 Urban environment and human health 5.1.2 Food supply and food waste in cities 5.1.3 Overcrowded cities and social inequalities 5.2 Intensification of agriculture throughout the world 5.2.1 Environmental problems related to land-use intensification 5.2.2 Socio-economic impacts of land-use intensification - the fake of innovation 5.3 Abandonment of traditional cultural landscapes throughout the world 5.3.1 Land abandonment in Europe 5.3.2 Land abandonment in Asia 5.3.3 Land abandonment in Africa 5.3.4 Land abandonment in Latin America 5.3.5 Land abandonment in North America 5.3.6 Land abandonment in Australia 5.3.7 Land abandonment as a part of global change: a synthesis 6. Developing a sustainable balance between urban, rural and natural landscapes
The leading idea of merging traditions and innovation in the revitalization, restoration and sustainable development, respectively, of traditional and multifunctional landscapes is coined. Part III: Traditional cultural landscapes on the world's agenda 7. National and international initiatives for the maintenance of traditional cultural landscapes There are manifold initiatives throughout the world from the regional and national to the international and global level to maintain and restore traditional cultural landscapes as our natural and cultural heritage. These initiatives are comprehensively introduced and described. 7.1 National rural development programs and funding schemes 7.2 International initiatives for the preservation and restoration of traditional cultural landscapes 7.2.1 UNESCO World Heritage Sites 7.2.2 Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) 7.2.3 National parks 7.2.4 Biosphere reserves 7.2.5 European Landscape Convention 7.2.6 High Nature Value (HNV) Farmland 7.2.7 ASEAN Declaration on Cultural Heritage 7.2.8 Latin American Landscape Initiative 7.2.9 Santiago de Cuba Declaration on Cultural Landscapes in the Caribbean 7.2.10 International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) 7.2.11 Landscapes for People, Food and Nature (LPFN) 7.2.12 The Japanese satoyama Initiative Part IV: Restoration and revitalization of traditional cultural landscapes towards multifunctionality 8. Short introduction to restoration ecology and ecosystem restoration History, aims and concepts of restoration ecology and ecosystem restoration are shortly outlined based on the up-to-date state of the art of this ecological discipline. A particular focus is laid on the inter- and transdisciplinarity of restoration ecology. An overview of measures for the restoration of ecosystems is given based on the comprehensive textbook of Zerbe (2019, Springer Publ.).
8.1 History, aims, and concepts 8.2 Ecosystem restoration is an acid test for ecology 8.3 Ecosystem restoration beyond restoration ecology 8.4 References for the restoration of traditional cultural landscapes 8.5 Measures for the restoration of ecosystems 9 A century of practice and experiences of ecosystem restoration - examples throughout the world Examples of the practice of ecosystem restoration are given by focusing on traditional and extensive land-use types. Examples comprise open land habitats as well as forests and agroforestry systems. Ecosystem and landscape restoration is also reflected as an eco-social approach stating examples with regard to human health, infrastructure, and environmental education. 9.1 Cultural landscapes become natural 9.2 Restoration of traditional land-use types 9.2.1 European heathland 9.2.2 Agricultural grassland of the temperate zone 9.2.3 Savannas 9.2.4 Coastal mangrove land-use systems 9.2.5 Agricultural terraces 9.2.6 Agroforestry systems 9.2.7 Coppice forest as traditional forest use 9.2.8 Restoration of lakes 9.2.9 Peatland 9.3 Revival of and innovation with multipurpose plant species 9.4 Restoration and revitalization as eco-social approach 9.4.1 The village as an engine for cultural landscape maintenance and development 9.4.2 Traditional cultural landscapes as tourist destination 9.4.3 Health care on the countryside 9.4.4 Improving infrastructure on the countryside 9.4.5 Rural-urban partnerships 9.4.6 Designed cultural landscapes based on traditions 9.4.7 Higher education for sustainable landscapes Part V: Case studies - Restoration of traditional cultural landscapes put into practice 10. Case studies throughout the world Case studies from Europe, Asia, and Latin America of how local communities cope with land abandonment and restore and revitalize, respectively, their natural and cultural heritage are presented. 10.1 Turning crisis into a chance: Eco-village Brodowin in Brandenburg (NE Germany) 10.2 Adopt a Terrace in Trentino (N Italy) 10.3 Cultural heritage and environmental education: the Eco-museum Vanoi in N Italy 10.4 La Capra Felice (N Italy): Eco-social agriculture with services for humans and nature 10.5 Cultural Pathways in Europe 10.6 Multifunctional agriculture: the German Biosphere Reserve Rhön as real lab for pastureland restoration 10.7 Restoring traditional mountain farming in the Alps - putting sheep to practice 10.8 Immigrants welcome: Riace in Calabria, South Italy 10.9 Unlocking traditional ecological knowledge for forest restoration - the Javakheti Highland in Georgia 10.10 From illicit drugs to ornamental plant cultivation in N Thailand 10.11 Ecotourism in Guatemala: indigenous people open their houses for guests 10.12 Traditional ecological knowledge in the High Andes Part VI: Conclusions Take-home messages based on the book are shortly summarized.