Insektizide · Bakterizide · Oomyceten-Fungizide / Biochemische und biologische Methoden · Naturstoffe / Insecticides · Bactericides · Oomycete Fungicides / Biochemical and Biological Methods · Natural Products

Biology of Pheromones.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biological Function.- 2.1. Sex Pheromones.- 2.2. Aggregation Pheromones.- 2.3. Inhibitors.- 2.4. Allelochemicals.- 2.5. Communication Systems.- 3. Biosynthesis and Release.- 3.1. Stimulation of Production.- 3.2. Rhythm of Release.- 4. Bioassay Methods.- 4.1. Laboratory Bioassays.- 4.2. Electrophysiology.- 4.3. Field Bioassays.- 5. Genetic Factors.- 5.1. Alternative Systems.- 5.2. Population Variations.- 5.3. Taxonomy.- 6. Case Histories.- 6.1. Dendroctonus frontalis.- 6.2. Trypodendron ( = Xyloterus) lineatum.- 6.3. Ips typographus.- 6.4. Lymantria ( = Porthetria).- 7. Conclusions.- 8. References.- Chemistry of Insect Pheromones.- 1. Insect Behavior Controlling Chemicals in Plant Protection.- 2. The Chemical Structure of Pheromones.- Chemical Structure, Occurence, and Behavioral Release of Insect Pheromones and Pheromone Analogs.- 2.1. Sex Attractants of Female Butterflies and Moths, and Related Compounds.- 2.2. Pheromones of Male Lepidoptera.- 2.3. Pheromones of the Bark Beetles (Scolytidae).- 2.4. Sex and Aggregation Pheromones of Other Beetle Families.- 2.5. Sex and Aggregation Pheromones of Cockroaches (Blattidae, Orthoptera).- 2.6. Alarm Substances of Ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera).- 2.7. Trail Pheromones of Ants and Termites (Formicidae and Isoptera).- 2.8. Sex Attractants of Flies (Diptera).- 2.9. Aphids and Scales (Homoptera).- 2.10. True Bugs (Heteroptera).- 2.11. Bees, Wasps, Bumble Bees, Sawflies (Hymenoptera).- 3. Physiological and Behavioral Activity of Pheromones.- 3.1. Electrophysiology.- 3.2. Structure-Activity Relationships.- 3.3. Multicomponent Pheromone Complexes.- 3.4. Olfactometer Experiments and Field Tests.- 4. Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Pheromones.- 4.1. General.- 4.2. The Bioassay.- 4.3. Pheromone Screening.- 4.4. Pheromone Sources.- 4.5. Isolation of Pheromones.- 4.6. Chromatographic Purification and Fractionation for the Identification of Pheromones.- a) Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC).- b) Liquid Chromatography under Normal Pressure.- c) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).- d) Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).- e) Gas Chromatography.- 4.7. Identification and Structure Elucidation.- a) Ultrared Spectroscopy.- b) Ultraviolet Spectroscopy.- c) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - NMR - Spectroscopy.- d) Mass Spectroscopy.- e) Gas Chromatographic Techniques.- 5. Synthesis of Insect Pheromones.- 5.1. Butterflies and Moths - Lepidoptera.- a) Wittig Olefination and Related Methods.- b) The "Acetylenic Approach" to Pheromone Synthesis.- c) Reduction of Allyl Diethyl Phosphonates.- d) Coupling Reactions with Organometallic Reagents.- e) [3.3]-Sigmatropic Reactions.- f) Transition Metal Catalyzed Metathesis Reaction.- g) Electrochemical Procedures.- h) Stereoselective Syntheses of Chiral Lepidoptera Pheromones.- 5.2. Beetles - Coleoptera.- a) Scolytidae - Bark Beetles.- b) Dermestidae.- c) Curculionidae.- d) Bruchidae.- 5.3. Flies - Diptera.- 5.4. Hymenoptera.- 5.5. Pheromones of Isoptera.- 5.6. Synthesis of Cockroach Pheromones (Blattaria).- 6. Acknowledgement.- 7. References.- Die praktische Verwendung von Insektenpheromonen.- 1. Einleitung.- 2. Sexuallockstoffe und Aggregationspheromone.- 2.1 Pheromone als Indikatoren.- 2.2. Bekämpfung von Schädlingen im Anlockverfahren.- 2.3. Störung der chemischen Kommunikation.- 2.4. Lockstoffe als Hilfsmittel für andere Verfahren.- 3. Anwendungsmöglichkeiten sonstiger Pheromone.- 4. Umweltprobleme und Nebenwirkungen.- 5. Entwicklung und Stand der Pheromon-Anwendung.- 5.1. Forst und Gehölze.- 5.2. Obst, Wein, Oliven.- 5.3. Getreide.- 5.4. Baumwolle.- 5.5. Sonstiger Acker- und Gartenbau.- 5.6. Vorratsschutz.- 5.7. Hygiene, Medizin and Veterinärmedizin.- 6. Tendenzen, Probleme, Aussichten und Grenzen.- 7. Literatur.- The Use of Juvenoids in Insect Pest Management.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Role of Endogenous Juvenile Hormones.- 3. Effects of Exogenous Application of Juvenoids.- 3.1. Morphogenetic Effects.- 3.2. Ovicidal Effects and Disruption of Embryogenesis.- 3.3. Effects on the Reproductive System and Fecundity.- 3.4. Effects on Diapause, Polymorphism, and Behaviour.- 4. The Use of Juvenoids Against Pest Species.- 4.1. Pests of Field Crops, Silviculture, and Horticulture.- 4.2. Pests of Medical and Veterinary Importance.- 4.3. Pests of Stored Products.- 4.4. Household, Domestic, and Other Pests.- 4.5. The Use of Juvenoids in Sericulture.- 5. Some Factors Influencing the Practical Use of Juvenoids.- 5.1. Choice of Target Species.- 5.2. Metabolism, Resistance, and Synergism.- 6. Conclusions.- 7. References.- Pflanzenschutzpräparate mikrobieller Herkunft.- 1. Einführung.- 2. Fungizide und Bakterizide.- 2.1. Einleitung.- 2.2. Handelsprodukte.- 2.3. Forschungs- und Entwicklungspräparate.- 3. Insektizide.- 3.1. Einleitung.- 3.2. Handelsprodukte.- 3.3. Forschungs- und Entwicklungspräparate.- 4. Herbizide und Wachstumsregulatoren.- 4.1. Einleitung.- 4.2. Forschungs- und Entwicklungspräparate.- Insektizide Phosphorsäureester.- 1. Einleitung.- 2. Insektizide vom Typ der (Thio)Phosphorsäure-arylester.- 3. Insektizide vom Typ der (Thio)Phosphorsäure-heteroarylester.- 4. Insektizide vom Typ der (Thio)Phosphorsäure-thioalkylester.- 5. Insektizide vom Typ der Enol(thio)phosphorsäureester.- 6. Sonstige.- 7. Literatur.- Bacterial Plant Diseases and Their Control.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Economic Importance of Bacterioses.- 3. The Causative Agents of Bacterioses.- 3.1. Classification and Taxonomy.- 3.2. Bacterial Genera to which Causative Agents of Bacterioses are Assigned.- 4. Examples of Bacterial Plant Diseases.- 4.1. Bacterial Leaf Blight of Rice.- 4.2. Fire Blight of Pear and Apple.- 4.3. Lethal Yellowing of Coconut Palms.- 5. Control of Bacterial Plant Diseases.- 5.1. Biological Aspects.- 5.2. Chemical Control - General Considerations.- 6. Chemistry of Bactericidal Compounds.- 6.1. Inorganic, Nonmetallic Compounds.- 6.2. Inorganic and Organic Metal Compounds.- 6.2.1. Mercury Compounds.- 6.2.2. Copper Compounds.- 6.3. Dithiocarbonates and Dithiocarbamates.- 6.4. Alcohols and Other Aliphatic Compounds.- 6.5. Aromatic Compounds.- 6.6. Heterocyclic Compounds.- 6.6.1. Heterocyclics Containing Nitrogen.- 6.6.2. Heterocyclics Containing Nitrogen and Sulfur.- 6.7. Antibiotics.- 7. References.- Recent Advances in the Chemical Control of Oomycetes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biology of Plant-Pathogenic Oomycetes.- 2.1. Foliar Plant Diseases Caused by Oomycetes.- 2.2. Soilborne Seedling and Root Diseases Caused by Oomycetes.- 3. Traditional Control of Oomycetes by Nonsystemic Fungicides.- 4. Chemistry and Biological Properties of Systemic and Specific Fungicides Against Oomycetes.- 4.1. Earlier Fungicides with Specific Activity Against Oomycetes.- 4.1.1. Fenaminosulf.- 4.1.2. Etridiazole.- 4.1.3. Chloroneb.- 4.1.4. Hymexazol and Related Compounds.- 4.2. Pyroxychlor and Other Pyridines.- 4.3. Prothiocarb and Propamocarb.- 4.4. Curzate.- 4.5. Ethyl Phosphites.- 4.6. Acylalanines and Related Compounds.- 4.7. Miscellaneous New Fungicides Against Oomycetes.- 5. Discussion of Disease Control Strategies with the New Systemic Fungicides Against Oomycetes.- 5.1. Novel Disease Control Possibilities with Systemic Fungicides.- 5.2. Utilization of Curative and Systemic Properties for Integrated Disease Control Strategies.- 5.3. The Risk of Fungicide Resistance.- 6. References.- Benzoylphenylurea Insecticides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synthesis of 1-benzoyl-3-phenylureas.- 3. Diflubenzuron, Physical/Chemical Properties and Analysis.- 3.1. Physical and Chemical Properties.- 3.2. Analysis.- 4. Formulations.- 5. Toxicology.- 5.1. Mammalian Toxicity.- 5.1.1. Acute Toxicity.- 5.1.2. Sub-acute Toxicity.- 5.1.3. Semi-chronic Toxicity.- 5.1.4. Chronic Toxicity.- 5.1.5. Special Studies.- 5.2. Toxicity to Birds.- 5.3 Toxicity to Fish.- 6. Mode of Action.- 6.1. Biological Aspects.- 6.1.1. Larvicidal Effects.- 6.1.2. Ovicidal Effects.- 6.1.3. Effects on Adult Insects.- 6.2. Biochemical Aspects.- 7. Distribution and Metabolism.- 7.1. Distribution and Degradation of Diflubenzuron in Soil and Water.- 7.2. Plants and Other Organic Matrices.- 7.3. Animal Metabolism.- 7.4. Metabolism in Insects.- 7.5. Behaviour in Ecosystems.- 7.6. Residues.- 7.6.1. Plant Residues.- 7.6.2. Residues in Animal Tissues.- 7.6.3. Residues in Mushrooms.- 8. Fields of Application.- 8.1. Introduction; Selectivity.- 8.2. Agricultural Crops.- 8.2.1. Cotton.- 8.2.2. Soybeans.- 8.2.3. Corn.- 8.3. Horticultural Crops.- 8.3.1. Fruit Crops.- 8.3.2. Mushrooms.- 8.3.3. Floriculture.- 8.3.4. Cabbage.- 8.4. Forestry and Woody Ornamentals.- 8.5. Medical-hygienic and Veterinary Applications, Including Control of Nuisance Insects.- 8.5.1. Mosquitoes and Midges.- 8.5.2. Flies.- 8.5.3. Blackflies.- 8.5.4. Tsetse Flies.- 8.5.5. Chewing Lice.- 8.6. Effects on Non-targets, not Related to a Specific Field of Application.- 8.6.1. Honey Bees.- 8.6.2. Non-target Aquatic Organisms.- 8.7. Nematicidal Effects.- 9. Resistance.- 9.1. Cross Resistance.- 9.2. Build-up of Resistance Against Diflubenzuron.- 10. Structure-Activity Relationship.- 11. Experimental Products.- 11.1. Experimental Compounds of Bayer AG.- 11.2. Experimental Compounds of Eli Lilly.- 11.3. Experimental Compound of Philips-Duphar.- 12. Literature and Patents.- Zur Problematik des biologischen Pflanzenschutzes in der Landwirtschaft.- 1. Problemstellung und Abgrenzung.- 2. Problemumfang.- 3. Praktische Aussichten der biologischen Unkrautbekämpfung.- 4. Praktische Aussichten der biologischen Bekämpfung von Schadpilzen.- 5. Biologische Bekämpfung von Insekten und anderen tierischen Schädlingen.- 5.1. Verschleppte Schädlinge.- 5.2. Autochthone Schädlinge.- 5.3. Methoden der biologischen Schädlingsbekämpfung.- 5.3.1. Die Verwendung von Parasiten.- 5.3.2. Die Verwendung von Prädatoren.- 5.3.3. Die Verwendung von Mikroorganismen.- 5.3.4. Autozidverfahren.- 6. Nebenwirkungen und Gesichtspunkte der amtlichen Zulassung.- 7. Diskussion.- 8. Schlußbetrachtung.- 9. Literatur.