Preface xv
Acknowledgment xvii
Editors xix
Contributors xxi
1 Antibiotics: Groups and Properties 1
Philip Thomas Reeves
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 Antibiotic Groups and Properties, 3
1.3 Major Groups of Antibiotics, 8
1.4 Restricted and Prohibited Uses of Antimicrobial Agents in Food Animals, 52
1.5 Conclusions, 52
Acknowledgments, 53
References, 53
2 Pharmacokinetics, Distribution, Bioavailability, and Relationship to Antibiotic Residues 61
Peter Lees and Pierre-Louis Toutain
2.1 Introduction, 61
2.2 Principles of Pharmacokinetics, 61
2.3 Administration, Distribution, and Metabolism of Drug Classes, 67
2.4 Setting Guidelines for Residues by Regulatory Authorities, 81
2.5 Definition, Assessment, Characterization, Management, and Communication of Risk, 82
2.6 Residue Violations: Their Significance and Prevention, 94
2.7 Further Considerations, 98
References, 104
3 Antibiotic Residues in Food and Drinking Water, and Food Safety Regulations 111
Kevin J. Greenlees, Lynn G. Friedlander, and Alistair Boxall
3.1 Introduction, 111
3.2 Residues in Food--Where is the Smoking Gun?, 111
3.3 How Allowable Residue Concentrations Are Determined, 113
3.4 Indirect Consumer Exposure to Antibiotics in the Natural Environment, 117
3.5 Summary, 120
References, 121
4 Sample Preparation: Extraction and Clean-up 125
Alida A. M. (Linda) Stolker and Martin Danaher
4.1 Introduction, 125
4.2 Sample Selection and Pre-treatment, 126
4.3 Sample Extraction, 127
4.4 Extraction Techniques, 128
4.5 Final Remarks and Conclusions, 144
References, 146
5 Bioanalytical Screening Methods 153
Sara Stead and Jacques Stark
5.1 Introduction, 153
5.2 Microbial Inhibition Assays, 154
5.3 Rapid Test Kits, 164
5.4 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Biosensor Technology, 174
5.5 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), 178
5.6 General Considerations Concerning the Performance Criteria for Screening Assays, 181
5.7 Overall Conclusions on Bioanalytical Screening Assays, 181
Abbreviations, 182
References, 182
6 Chemical Analysis: Quantitative and Confirmatory Methods 187
Jian Wang and Sherri B. Turnipseed
6.1 Introduction, 187
6.2 Single-Class and Multi-class Methods, 187
6.3 Chromatographic Separation, 195
6.4 Mass Spectrometry, 200
Acknowledgment, 219
Abbreviations, 220
References, 220
7 Single-Residue Quantitative and Confirmatory Methods 227
Jonathan A. Tarbin, Ross A. Potter, Alida A. M. (Linda) Stolker, and Bjorn Berendsen
7.1 Introduction, 227
7.2 Carbadox and Olaquindox, 227
7.3 Ceftiofur and Desfuroylceftiofur, 230
7.4 Chloramphenicol, 233
7.5 Nitrofurans, 236
7.6 Nitroimidazoles and Their Metabolites, 239
7.7 Sulfonamides and Their N4-Acetyl Metabolites, 241
7.8 Tetracyclines and Their 4-Epimers, 244
7.9 Miscellaneous, 246
7.10 Summary, 252
Abbreviations, 253
References, 254
8 Method Development and Method Validation 263
Jack F. Kay and James D. MacNeil
8.1 Introduction, 263
8.2 Sources of Guidance on Method Validation, 263
8.3 The Evolution of Approaches to Method Validation for Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, 266
8.4 Method Performance Characteristics, 268
8.5 Components of Method Development, 268
8.6 Components of Method Validation, 274
8.7 Performance Characteristics Assessed during Method Development and Confirmed during Method Validation for Quantitative Methods, 275
8.8 Significant Figures, 289
8.9 Final Thoughts, 289
References, 289
9 Measurement Uncertainty 295
Jian Wang, Andrew Cannavan, Leslie Dickson, and Rick Fedeniuk
9.1 Introduction, 295
9.2 General Principles and Approaches, 295
9.3 Worked Examples, 297
References, 325
10 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 327
Andrew Cannavan, Jack F. Kay, and Bruno Le Bizec
10.1 Introduction, 327
10.2 Quality Management, 329
10.3 Conformity Assessment, 331
10.4 Guidelines and Standards, 333
10.5 Quality Control in the Laboratory, 336
10.6 Conclusion, 344
References, 344
Index 347
