Metal Deposits in Relation to Plate Tectonics

Introduction: Plate Tectonics and Geology.- I Convergent Plate Boundary Environments.- 1 Principal Arcs and Their Associated Metal Deposits.- 1.1 Porphyry-Type Deposits.- 1.1.1 Associated Igneous Rocks.- 1.1.2 Mineralization and Alteration Patterns.- 1.1.3 Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopes.- 1.1.4 The El Salvador Porphyry Copper Deposit, Chile.- 1.1.5 Genetic Models for Porphyry Copper Deposits.- 1.1.6 Suggestions for Exploration.- 1.2 Copper-Bearing Breccia Pipes.- 1.2.1 Distribution and Associated Igneous Rocks.- 1.2.2 Mineralization and Alteration.- 1.2.3 Formation and Mineralization of Breccia Pipes.- 1.2.4 The Cumobabi Breccia Pipe Deposits, Mexico.- 1.2.5 Suggestions of Exploration.- 1.3 Skarn Deposits.- 1.3.1 Distribution and Associated Igneous Rocks.- 1.3.2 Mineralization.- 1.3.3 Genesis of Contact Metasomatic Skarn Deposits.- 1.3.4 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 1.4 Vein Deposits.- 1.4.1 Distribution and Associated Igneous Rocks.- 1.4.2 Mineralization and Alteration.- 1.4.3 The Baguio, Philippines and Tayoltita, Mexico Vein Systems.- 1.4.4 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 1.5 Precious Metal Deposits of the Western United States.- 1.5.1 Vein Deposits.- 1.5.2 Carbonate-Replacement Gold Deposits.- 1.5.3 Hot Spring-Type Gold Deposits.- 1.5.4 Discussion.- 1.6 Additional Deposits of Principal Arcs.- 1.6.1 Massive Magnetite Deposits.- 1.6.2 Manto-Type Copper Deposits.- 1.7 Discussion.- 2 Metal Deposits on the Inner Sides of Principal Arcs.- 2.1 Contact Metasomatic Deposits.- 2.1.1 Mineralization.- 2.1.2 The Providencia Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu Deposit, Zacatecas, Mexico.- 2.1.3 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 2.2 Polymetallic Vein Systems.- 2.2.1 The Casapalca Ag-Pb-Zn-Cu Deposit, Peru.- 2.2.2 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 2.3 Tin-Tungsten Deposits.- 2.3.1 Mineralization.- 2.3.2 The Llallagua Tin Porphyry Deposits, Bolivia.- 2.3.3 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 3 Metal Deposits of Arc-Related Rifts.- 3.1 Climax-Type Porphyry Molybdenum Deposits.- 3.1.1 Mineralization and Alteration Patterns.- 3.1.2 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 3.2 Additional Lithophile Suite Deposits in Arc-Related Rifts.- 3.3 Kuroko-Type Massive Sulfide Deposits.- 3.3.1 Mineralization and Alteration Patterns.- 3.3.2 Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Data.- 3.3.3 Buchans Polymetallic Sulfide Deposit, Newfoundland.- 3.3.4 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 3.4 Base and Precious Metal Vein Deposits.- 4 Additional Aspects of Arc-Related Metallogeny.- 4.1 Metal Deposits Related to Fore-Arc Felsic Magmatism.- 4.2 Paleozoic and Older Porphyry Copper Deposits.- 4.3 Massive Sulfide Deposits of the Caledonides, Scandinavia.- 4.3.1 Similar Massive Sulfide Deposits Elsewhere.- 4.4 Massive Sulfide Deposits in Greenstone Belts.- 4.4.1 The Kidd Creek Massive Sulfide Deposit, Ontario.- 4.4.2 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 4.5 Additional Aspects of Greenstone Belt Metallogeny.- 4.6 Gold Deposits in Greenstone Belts.- 4.6.1 The Homestake Gold Mine, South Dakota.- 4.6.2 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 4.7 Overview of Arc-Related Metallogeny.- 4.7.1 Relation of Arc Metallogeny to Subduction Style.- II Divergent Plate Boundary Environments.- 5 Metallogeny of Oceanic-Type Crust.- 5.1 Generation of Oceanic-Type Crust.- 5.2 Contemporary Mineralization at Oceanic Spreading Ridges.- 5.2.1 The Salton Sea Geothermal System.- 5.3 Massive Sulfide Deposits of the Troodos Ophiolite, Cyprus.- 5.4 Additional Examples of Cyprus-Type Massive Sulfide Deposits.- 5.5 Discussion.- 5.6 Chromite Deposits in Ophiolite Complexes.- 5.6.1 The Chromite Deposits of the Vourinos Complex, Greece.- 5.6.2 The Chromite Deposits of Selukwe, Zimbabwe.- 5.7 Additional Minor Mineralization in Ophiolite Complexes.- 6 Intracontinental Hotspots, Anorogenic Magmatism, and Associated Metal Deposits.- 6.1 Tin Deposits Associated with Anorogenic Granites.- 6.2 Iron-Titanium Deposits Associated with Anorthosites.- 6.3 Hotspot-Related Layered Mafic Complexes and Associated Ores.- 6.3.1 The Geology and Ores of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa.- 6.3.2 The Platinum Deposits of the Stillwater Complex, Montana.- 6.3.3 The Copper-Nickel Ores of the Sudbury Irruptive, Ontario, Canada.- 6.3.4 Discussion.- 6.4 Metal Deposits Related to Carbonatites.- 6.5 Afterword.- 7 Metal Deposits Associated with the Early Stages of Continental Rifting.- 7.1 General Considerations.- 7.2 Hydrothermal Copper Deposits.- 7.2.1 The Messina Copper Deposits, South Africa.- 7.2.2 Discussion.- 7.3 Rift-Related Molybdenum Deposits.- 7.4 Rift-Related Stratiform Copper Deposits.- 7.4.1 Lithologic Setting.- 7.4.2 Mineralization.- 7.4.3 Ores of the Zambian Copper Belt.- 7.4.4 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 7.5 Rift-Related Magmatic Copper-Nickel Deposits.- 7.5.1 Copper-Nickel Deposits of the Noril'sk-Talnakh Region, U.S.S.R.- 7.5.2 Discussion.- 7.6 Carbonate-Hosted Lead-Zinc Deposits in Relation to Rifting.- 7.6.1 Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits.- 7.6.2 Alpine-Type Lead-Zinc Deposits.- 7.6.3 Irish-Type Lead-Zinc Deposits.- 7.6.4 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 8 Metal Deposits Related to Advanced Stages of Rifting.- 8.1 General Observations.- 8.2 Metalliferous Deposits of the Red Sea.- 8.2.1 Metalliferous Deposits of the Atlantis II Deep.- 8.2.2 Discussion.- 8.3 Sediment-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposits.- 8.3.1 Settings of Sediment-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposits.- 8.3.2 Mineralization.- 8.3.3 The Sullivan Massive Sulfide Deposit.- 8.3.4 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 8.4 Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposits.- 8.4.1 Massive Sulfide Deposits of the Bathurst-Newcastle District, New Brunswick, Canada.- 8.4.2 Discussion.- 8.5 Massive Sulfide Deposits in High-Grade Metamorphic Terrains.- 8.6 Additional Facets of Rift-Related Metallogeny.- 8.6.1 Early Proterozoic Uraniferous Conglomerates and Rifting.- 8.6.2 Major Occurrences of Banded Iron Formation in Relation to Rifting Events.- 8.7 Metallogenesis and Rifting - Some Final Thoughts.- III Collisional Environments and Other Matters.- 9 Metal Deposits in Relation to Collision Events.- 9.1 Ophiolite-Hosted Metal Deposits.- 9.2 Tin-Tungsten Deposits Associated with Collisional Granites.- 9.2.1 Mineralization.- 9.2.2 The Panasquiera Tin-Tungsten Deposits, Northern Portugal.- 9.2.3 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 9.3 Uranium Deposits Associated with Collision Granites.- 9.3.1 The Rossing Uranium Deposit, Namibia.- 9.3.2 Discussion and Suggestions for Exploration.- 9.4 Additional Examples of Collision-Related Terrains and Metallogenic Implications.- 9.5 Metallogenesis and Collision Events - Some Final Thoughts.- 10 Metal Deposits and Plate Tectonics - an Attempt at Perspective.- 10.1 Lineaments and Metal Deposits.- 10.2 Transform Faults and Metal Deposits.- 10.3 Plate Tectonics and Metal Deposits of Surficial Origin.- 10.4 An Enigmatic Class of Uranium Deposits.- 10.5 Metal Deposits and Plate Tectonics: Time-Space Perspectives.- 10.6 Metal Deposits and Plate Tectonics: Exploration Perspectives.- Afterword.- References.