Principles of Cardiac Diagnosis and Treatment

1 Introduction and Historical Background.- Historical Background.- 2 Anatomical and Physiological Considerations.- Anatomical Features.- Elementary Haemodynamics.- Pulmonary Hypertension.- Pressure Relationships in the Cardiovascular System.- Effects of Obstruction and Regurgitation in the Cardiovascular System.- 3 Clinical Aspects of Cardiac Diagnosis.- Classification of Surgical Heart Disease.- History.- Functional Capacity.- Family and Past History.- Physical Examination.- General.- The Cardiovascular System.- Special Considerations in Infants and Young Children.- 4 Special Investigations.- Chest Radiography.- The Bony Cage.- The Cardiac Outline.- The Lateral Chest Radiograph.- The Lung Fields.- Areas of Calcification.- Electrocardiography.- Disturbance of Rhythm.- Cardiac Hypertrophy.- Myocardial Ischaemia.- Morphological Diagnosis.- Phonocardiography.- Echocardiography.- Radionuclide Studies.- Computed Tomography.- Positron Emission Tomography.- Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- Cardiac Catheterisation and Angiography.- Right Heart Catheterisation.- Left Heart Catheterisation.- Angiography.- Interventional Cardiac Catheterisation.- 5 Temporary Support of the Circulation.- Pharmacological Support.- Mechanical Support.- Principles of Cardiopulmonary Bypass.- Long-Term Circulatory Support.- Extracorporeal Respiratory Support.- 6 Congenital Heart Disease.- Nomenclature and Sequential Segmental Analysis.- Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease.- Tetralogy of Fallot, Pulmonary Stenosis, Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect.- Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum.- Transposition of the Great Arteries.- Tricuspid Atresia.- Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection.- Ebstein's Malformation.- Uhl's Anomaly.- Eisenmenger's Syndrome.- Acyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions: Obstructive Group.- Pulmonary Stenosis.- Congenital Aortic Stenosis.- Coarctation of the Aorta.- Interrupted Aortic Arch.- Cor Triatriatum.- Congenital Anomalies of the Mitral Valve.- Vascular Rings.- Acyanotic Congenital Heart Lesions: Left-to-Right Shunts.- Persistent Ductus Arteriosus.- Atrial Septal Defect.- Ventricular Septal Defect.- Atrioventricular Septal Defects.- Aortopulmonary Window.- Sinus of Valsalva Fistula.- Aortico-Left Ventricular Tunnel.- 'Gerbode' Defect.- Lesions Which May Be Cyanotic or Acyanotic.- Truncus Arteriosus.- Corrected Transposition.- Double Outlet Right Ventricle.- Double Outlet Left Ventricle.- Single Ventricle.- Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries.- 7 Acquired Valvular Heart Disease.- Mitral Valve Disease.- Mitral Stenosis.- Mitral Regurgitation.- Aortic Valve Disease.- Aortic Stenosis.- Aortic Regurgitation.- Tricuspid Valve Disease.- Pulmonary Valve Disease.- Prosthetic Valve Disease.- 8 Ischaemic Heart Disease.- 9 Miscellaneous Heart Disease.- Constrictive Pericarditis.- Cardiomyopathy.- Cardiac Tumours.- Bacterial Endocarditis.- Trauma.- Arrythmias.- 10 Acquired Lesions of Major Blood Vessels.- Aneurysm of the Thoracic Aorta.- Aortic Dissection.- Traumatic Rupture of the Aorta.- Massive Pulmonary Embolism.- Arterial Embolism.