Part I. Principles of Addictions, Overviews, Detailed Processes and Mechanisms
Section A. General Aspects
Chapter 1. Drugs and the Human Envirome
Chapter 2. Psychoactive Plants Used during Religious Rituals
Chapter 3. Substance Use Disorders and Comorbid Mental Illness: A Focus on Epidemiological Data Regarding Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Chapter 4. Mephedrone and Mephedrone-Based Cocktails: Market, Analysis, Mechanisms of Action, and Toxicity
Chapter 5. Substance-Induced Psychosis: Conceptual and Diagnostic Challenges in Clinical Practice
Chapter 6. Sleep and Drug Addiction
Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Chapter 7. Hypothalamic and Midbrain Cells, Tyrosine Hydroxylase, and Implications for Drug Addiction
Chapter 8. Oxytocin: Providing New Avenues for Treating and Understanding Problematic Drug Use
Chapter 9. Role of D2-like Heteroreceptor Complexes in the Effects of Cocaine, Morphine, and Hallucinogens
Chapter 10. Glutamate Receptors and Drug Addiction
Chapter 11. Effect of Interacting Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) and Opioids on Mood: Pharmacodynamic Considerations in Misuse and Abuse
Chapter 12. A Mini-Review on Different Commonly Used Abusive Drugs and the Interactions of These Drugs and Chinese Herbs
Chapter 13. Interaction of Drugs of Addiction with DNA
Chapter 14. Drugs of Abuse and DNA Methylation in the Brain: Ethanol, Cocaine, Amphetamine-Methamphetamine, Heroin, Antidepressants, and Antipsychotics
Chapter 15. Orexin/Hypocretin System and Drug Addiction
Chapter 16. Reverse Translational Implications of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Addiction Genetics
Chapter 17. Polymorphisms in the Delta Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRD1) and Drug Addiction: Candidate Genes, Transgenic Mouse Models, and Genome-Wide Association Studies
Chapter 18. Drug Addictions and Genetics of the Dopamine Pathway
Chapter 19. In Silico Chemogenomics Knowledgebase and Computational System Neuropharmacology Approach for Cannabinoid Drug Research
Chapter 20. Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART) Peptide and Drug Addiction
Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects
Chapter 21. The Cerebellar Landscape of Drug Addiction
Chapter 22. Movement Dysfunction as a Neuropathology of Illicit Stimulant Abuse
Chapter 23. Left Hemispheric "Imbalance? in Drug Addiction
Chapter 24. Co-occurence of Substance Use and Personality Disorders: Epidemiology, Etiopathogenesis, and Treatment
Chapter 25. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Pharmacological Aspects
Chapter 26. Comorbidity between Substance Use Disorder and Severe Mental Illness: Dual Diagnosis
Part II. Prescription Medications: Depressants
Section A. General Aspects
Chapter 27. Lormetazepam Addiction
Chapter 28. Prescribing and Dispensing of Benzodiazepines: Implications for Dependence and Misuse
Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Chapter 29. Bidirectional Plasticity of Hippocampal Glutamate Receptors Is Central to Expression of Benzodiazepine Withdrawal-Anxiety
Chapter 30. Effect of Chronic Benzodiazepine Exposure on GABAA Receptors: Regulation of GABA/Benzodiazepine Site Interactions
Chapter 31. The K+-Cl? Cotransporter KCC2 and Zolpidem
Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects
Chapter 32. Benzodiazepine Misuse and Addiction. Risk Factors and Adverse Behavioral Aspects
Chapter 33. Benzodiazepines, Age-Related Pharmacological Changes, and Risk of Falls in Older Adults
Chapter 34. The Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata in Sedative-Hypnotic Withdrawal
Section D. Methods
Chapter 35. Assays for Benzodiazepines
Part III. Opioids and Morphine Derivatives
Section A. General Aspects
Chapter 36. Weak Opioid Analgesics Abuse and Addiction: A Comparison of the Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology of Codeine, Dihydrocodeine, and Tramadol
Chapter 37. Maternal Codeine and Its Effect on the Fetus and Neonate: A Focus on Pharmacogenomics, Neuropathology, and Withdrawal
Chapter 38. Methadone Usage, Misuse, and Addiction Processes: An Overview
Chapter 39. Tramadol, Usage, Misuse, and Addiction Processes
Chapter 40. Tramadol Abuse in the Elderly
Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Chapter 41. Oligodendrocyte Responses, Myelination, and Opioid Addiction Treatments
Chapter 42. Opioids and TRPV1 Receptors
Chapter 43. Opioids and Serotonin Syndrome: An Example with Tramadol
Chapter 44. Opioid Dependence and the Adenylyl Cyclase/cAMP Signaling
Chapter 45. Central Nervous System Penetration of the Opioid Oxycodone
Chapter 46. Opioid Modulation of Voltage-Gated Calcium Currents
Chapter 47. The Neonatal Brain and Opioids
Chapter 48. Contribution of Spinal Cord mTORC1 to Chronic Opioid Tolerance and Hyperalgesia
Chapter 49. Interaction of Codeine with DNA
Chapter 50. Fentanyl and Its Impact on Cell Functions
Chapter 51. Morphine and Trafficking of a Mu Opioid Receptor Interacting Protein WLS
Chapter 52. Fas, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 Protein and Morphine Addiction
Chapter 53. An Overview on Methadone-Intoxicated Patients
Chapter 54. Genetic Polymorphisms on OPRM1 Involved in Multiple Responses of a Methadone Maintenance Population: Relationships with Insomnia, Libido, Smoking, and Chemokines
Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects
Chapter 55. Modulation of Opioid Analgesic Reward by Inflammatory Agents
Chapter 56. Suicidal Behavior and Prescription Opioid Medication
Chapter 57. Codeine and Psychomotor Activity
Chapter 58. Neurobehavior of Neonates Born to Mothers Receiving Opioid Maintenance Treatment: Methadone and Buprenorphine
Chapter 59. Prenatal Methadone and Behavioral Sensitization Induced by Methamphetamine
Chapter 60. Treatments for Opioid Dependence and Methadone: Neurological and Behavioral Aspects
Chapter 61. Cognitive Functioning in Methadone Use
Chapter 62. Sleep Disturbances in Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) Patients
Section D. Methods
Chapter 63. The Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse: Assays for Fentanyl
Chapter 64. Assays for Tramadol and Its Metabolites
Part IV. Stimulants and Other Compounds
Section A. General Aspects
Chapter 65. Methylphenidate Abuse: An Overview
Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Chapter 66. The Impact of Methylphenidate on Circadian Rhythms and Clock Gene Expression
Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects
Chapter 67. The Characteristics of Acute and Chronic Methylphenidate, Dose, and Route on Female and Male Animal Behavior
Chapter 68. Methylphenidate and Cognitive Performance
Chapter 69. Methylphenidate and Suicide
Chapter 70. The Effect of Methylphenidate on the Ventral Tegmental Area in Adolescent and Adult Animals
Chapter 71. Dextromethorphan and Dextrorphan as Heuristic Rapid-Acting, Conventional, and Treatment-Resistant Antidepressants, with Substance Abuse Considerations
Part V. Caffeine and Areca (Betal Nut)
Section A. General Aspects
Chapter 72. Caffeine and Taurine and Energy Drink Abuse
Chapter 73. General Aspects of Areca Nut Addiction
Section B. Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Chapter 74. Caffeine, Adenosine A1 Receptors, and Brain Cortex. Molecular Aspects
Chapter 75. Caffeine and the Developing Brain: Molecular and Cellular Effects
Section C. Structural and Functional Aspects
Chapter 76. Effects of Caffeine and Its Cortical Response Studied by Functional Brain Imaging
Chapter 77. Neurobehavioral Aspects of Caffeine
Chapter 78. Oral and Systemic Health Effects of Compulsive Areca Nut Use
Chapter 79. Areca Alkaloids and Schizophrenia
Chapter 80. Attentional Biases for Betel Nut Cues
Section D. Methods
Chapter 81. Quantitative Measurement of Caffeine by Optical Methods
Chapter 82. Betel Quid Dependence Scale
Part VI. Dual and Polydrug Abuse
Chapter 83. Types of Polydrug Usage
Chapter 84. Polypharmacy of Potentially Addictive Medications and the Elderly
Chapter 85. New Insight into Alcohol and Nicotine Addiction: Neurobiological Findings and Therapeutical Perspectives
Chapter 86. Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Neuroimaging and Cognition in Polysubstance Users
Chapter 87. Neuropathological Studies in Polydrug Abusers
Part VII. Emerging Addictions and Drugs of Abuse
Chapter 88. Novel Drugs of Abuse: Cannabinoids, Stimulants, and Hallucinogens
Chapter 89. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use, Addiction Potential, and Legal Status
Chapter 90. Methylxanthines and Drug Dependence: Interactions and Toxicity
Chapter 91. The Neuropathology of Movement Disorders in 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and Methcathinone (Ephedrone) Addictions
Chapter 92. 25C-NBOMe as a New Hallucinogen
Chapter 93. Pregabalin Abuse and Addiction
Part VIII. Non-Drug Addictions as Comparative Neuropathology
Chapter 94. Internet Gaming Disorder
Chapter 95. The Neuropathology of Internet Addiction
Chapter 96. Workaholism: An Addiction to Work
Chapter 97. Exercise Addiction
Chapter 98. Compulsive Buying-Features and Characteristics of Addiction
Chapter 99. Food Addiction: Applying Substance Use Disorder Criteria and Characteristics to Identify Instances of Addictive-Like Eating
Chapter 100. Bulimia Nervosa as an Addiction
Chapter 101. Gambling Disorders: A Focus on Genetic Aspects
