Fetal and Neonatal Physiology

I. Genetics: Genetics

II. Embryology: Embryology . Regulation of Embryogenesis . Pathophysiology of Congenital Malformations

III. The Placenta: Placental Development . Regulation of the Placental Circulation . Mechanisms of Transfer Across the Human Placenta . Endocrine and Paracrine Function of the Human Placenta . Placental Proteins . Placental Separation at Birth . Multiple Pregnancy

IV. Developmental Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics: Basic Pharmacologic Principles . Basic Pharmacokinetic Principles . Physiochemical and Structural Properties Regulating Placental Drug Transfer . Genetic Regulation of Drug Metabolism . Drug Distribution During Fetal Life . Drug Protein Binding During Development . Development of Renal Excretion of Drugs During Ontogeny . Pharmacodynamics and Receptor Sensitivity During Development . Drug Abuse During Fetal and Neonatal Life . Sympathoadrenal Mechanisms During Development . Developmental Neuropharmacology . Physiologic Differences of Clinical Significance . Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in the Newborn . Drug Excretion during Lactation

V.Intrauterine Growth: Intrauterine Growth and Nutrition

VI. Postnatal Growth and Nutrition: Infant Growth in the First Year of Life . Endocrine and Other Factors Affecting Growth . Water Requirements . Energy Requirements . Protein Requirements . Carbohydrate Requirements . Fat Metabolism and Requirements . Mineral and Trace Element Requirements . Vitamin Requirements . Human Milk Composition and Function in the Infant . Types and Methods of Feeding for Infants . Nutritional Assessment . Growth Outcome of Critically Ill Neonates

VII. Perinatal Iron, Trace Minerals, and Vitamin Metabolism: Iron Metabolism during Fetal and Neonatal Life . Trace Element Metabolism in the Fetus and Neonate . Metabolism of Vitamin A and Water Soluble Vitamins During Fetal and Neonatal Life . Vitamin E Metabolism in the Fetus and Neonate . Vitamin K Metabolism during the Fetal and Neonatal Periods

VIII. Lipid Metabolism in the Fetus and Newborn: Placental Transport of Free Fatty Acids, Glycerol, and Ketone Bodies . Lipid Accretion in the Fetus and Newborn . Brown Adipose Tissue: Development and Function . Lipids and an Energy Source for the Premature and Full-Term Neonate . Ketone Body Production and Metabolism in the Fetus and Newborn . Very Long Chain Fatty Acids in the Developing Retina and Brain . Physiological Effects of Lipid Infusions . Developmental Physiology of Lipoproteins and Cholesterol . Lipoprotein Lipase

IX. Carbohydrate Metabolism: Metabolism of Glucose and Methods of Investigation in the Fetus and Newborn . Maternal Metabolism During Pregnancy . Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Fetus . Role of Glucoregulatory Hormones on Hepatic Glucose Metabolism During the Perinatal Period . Cell Glucose Transport and Glucose Handling During Fetal and Neonatal Development . Glucose Metabolism During the Transition to Postnatal Life . Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia in the Newborn

X. Protein Metabolism: General Concepts of Protein Metabolism . Fetal Requirements and Placental Transfer of Nitrogenous Compounds . Nitrogen Sources for the Newborn . Protein Metabolism in the Newborn . Protein and Amino Acid Requirements . Modification of Protein Metabolism Because of Disease

XI. Thermoregulation: Perinatal Thermal Physiology . Neonatal Thermal Physiology . Physics and Physiology of Human Incubation . Temperature Measurement in the Preterm Newborn . Incubator Management

XII. Skin: Structural and Biochemical Organogenesis of Skin and Cutaneous Appendages in the Fetus and Newborn . Development of the Cutaneous Circulation . Composition of Skin Lipids . Sweating in the Neonate . pH Patterns in Newborn Skin . Skin Barrier Function . Bacterial Colonization of the Skin of the Newborn

XIII. Fetal and Neonatal Cardiovascular Physiology: Development of the Fetal Heart . Molecular Development of the Heart . Role of Peptide Growth Factors in Cardiovascular Development . Fetal and Neonatal Cardiovascular Physiologic Development . Developmental Electrophysiology in the Fetus and Neonate . Developmental Biology of the Pulmonary Vasculature . Development of the Pulmonary Circulation: Metabolic Aspects . Development of the Gastrointestinal Circulation in the Fetus and Newborn . Regulation of the Fetal Cerebral Circulation . Autonomic and Central Neuroregulation of Fetal Cardiovascular Function . Endocrine Regulation of the Fetal Circulation . Nitric Oxide and the Perinatal Circulation . Regulation of Umbilical Blood Flow . Fetal and Placental Circulation During Labor . Cardiovascular Diagnosis in the Fetus and the Effects of Congenital Heart Lesions on Developing Physiology . Response of the Fetal Circulation to Stress . Fetal and Neonatal Congestive Heart Failure . Physiology of Resuscitation

XIV. The Lung: Normal and Abnormal Structural Development of the Lung . Fetal and Neonatal Lung-liquid Balance . Functional Development of the Upper Airway . Functional Development of the Lower Airway . Functional Development of Respiratory Muscles . Mechanics of Breathing . Pulmonary Gas Exchange in the Developing Lung . Oxygen Transport and Delivery . Control of Breathing in Fetal Life and Onset and Control of Breathing in the Neonate . Pathophysiology of Apnea of Prematurity . Evaluation of Pulmonary Function in the Neonate . Pathophysiology of Hyaline Membrane Disease (Excluding Surfactant) . Pathophysiology of Lung Injury and Repair: Special Features of the Immature Lung . Pathophysiology of Chronic Lung Disease . Physiologic Effects of Conventional Mechanical Ventilation . Physiology of High Frequency Ventilation . Liquid Ventilation . Physiology of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

XV. Pulmonary Surfactant: Historical Perspective . Composition of Pulmonary Surfactant Lipids and Proteins . Biophysical Activities of Pulmonary Surfactant . Lung Morphogenesis: Formation and Function of the Alveolar Surface Layer . Regulation of Surfactant-associated Phospholipid Synthesis and Secretion . Pathophysiology of Respiratory Distress Syndrome . Hormonal Therapy for Prevention of Respiratory Distress Syndrome . Surfactant Replacement Therapy

XVI. Physiology Of The Gastrointestinal Tract in the Fetus and Neonate: Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Human Gastrointestinal Development . Organogenesis, Innervation, and Histologic Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract . Development of the Enteric Nervous System . Development of Gastric Secretory Function . Development of Intestinal and Colonic Motility . Motility of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract in the Fetus and Neonate . Development of Exocrine Pancreatic Function . Digestive and Absorptive Function in the Fetus and Infant . Pathophysiology of Gastroesophageal Reflux . Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

XVII. Liver and Bilirubin Metabolism: Organogenesis and Histologic Development of the Liver . Fetal and Postnatal Hepatic Vasculature and Blood Flow . Bile Acid Metabolism during Development . Bile Secretion and its Control in the Mature and Immature Organism . Hepatic Disposition of Xenobiotics during Prenatal and Early Postnatal Development . Bilirubin Metabolism and Toxicity in the Newborn . Pathophysiology of Breast-Milk Jaundice . Phototherapy for Neonatal Jaundice . Pathophysiology of Metabolic Diseases of the Liver . Pathogenesis of Neonatal Cholestasis . Evaluation of Liver Function

XVIII. The Kidney: Embryogenesis and Anatomic Development of the Kidney . Renal Function in Utero . Postnatal Maturation of Renal Blood Flow . Development of the Renin-Angiotensin System . Postnatal Development of Glomerular Filtration . Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Neonates . Renal Transport of Sodium During Early Development . Potassium Transport in Early Development . Transport of Calcium and Phosphorus . Transport of Amino Acids During Early Development . Developmental Aspects of Organic Acid Transport . Concentration of the Urine . Dilution of the Urine . Urinary Acidification . The Response to Nephron Loss in Early Development . Regulation of Blood Pressure During Fetal and Newborn Life . Clinical Significance of Developmental Renal Physiology . Pathophysiology of Acute Renal Failure in the Neonatal Period . Continuous Hemofiltration in Neonates

XIX. Fluid and Electrolyte Metabolism: Fluid Distribution in the Fetus and Neonate . Fetal and neonatal Body Fluid Composition with Reference to Growth and Development . Colloid Pressure and Osmoregulation in the Pregnant Woman, Fetus, and Neonate . Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in the Fetus and Neonate . Hydrops Fetalis and Other Causes of Neonatal Edema and Ascites

XX. Hematopoiesis and Granulopoiesis: Developmental Biology of the Hematopoietic Growth Factors . Developmental Granulopoiesis . Developmental Erythropoiesis . Developmental Megakaryocytopoiesis

XXI. Hemostasis: Normal Hemostasis in the Newborn: Plasmatic Factors . Normal Hemostasis in the Newborn: Cellular Factors, Platelets, and the Vessel Wall . Pathophysiology of Bleeding Disorders in the Newborn . Pathophysiology of Neonatal Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Thrombosis

XXII. Developmental Immunobiology: Host Defense Mechanisms Against Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, and Nonviral Intracellular Pathogens . T-Cell Development . B-Cell Development . Mononuclear Phagocyte System . Neutrophil Function in Newborn Infants . The Complement System in the Fetus and Newborn . Cytokines and the Inflammatory Response . Integrins and Cell Adhesion Molecules . Stimulus-Response Coupling . Fetal and Neonatal Wound Healing . Immunology of the Breast and Host Immunity . Amniotic Fluid Host Defense Mechanisms . Host Defense Mechanisms in the Lung

XXIII. Neurology: Development of the Nervous System . Development of the Blood-Brain Barrier . Development of Neurotransmitters . Biochemistry of Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury . Perinatal Brain Metabolism and Prevention of Asphyxial Injury . Developmental Biochemistry: Studies in vivo with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy . Electroencephalography in the Premature and Full-term Infant . Development of Tone and Reflexes in the Fetus and Newborn . Cerebral Blood Flow in Premature Infants: regulation, Measurement, and Pathophysiology of Intraventricular Hemorrhage . Intraventricular Hemorrhage in the Premature Infant: Morphologic Characteristics . Deleterious Effects of Intrauterine Drug Exposure of the Nervous System . Nutritional and Hormonal Regulation of Brain Development . Ontogenesis of Striated Muscle

XXIV. Special Sensory Systems in the Fetus and Neonate: Development of Touch, Pain, and Temperature Sensation in the Fetus and Neonate . Anatomical and Functional Development of the Eye and Pathophysiology of Retinopathy of Prematurity . Anatomical and Functional Development of Hearing . Development of Taste and Smell in the Neonate

XXV. Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Metabolism: Calcium-Regulating Hormones . Calcium, phosphorus, and Magnesium Transport Across the Placenta . Neonatal Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Homeostasis . Pathophysiology of Neonatal Hypocalcemia . Osteopenia of Rickets of Prematurity

XVI. Orthopedics: Growth Plate: Structure and Physiology . Intrauterine Compression Syndromes: Effects of Mechanics on Endochondral Ossification . Defective Limb Embryology . Congenital Vertebral Anomalies and their Sequelae . The Congenital Muscle Diseases . Skeletal Dysplasia and Dwarfism: Physiology and Pathophysiology . Pathophysiology of Neonatal Osteomyelitis and Septic Arthritis . Standards and Measurements: Fetus and Neonate

XVII. The Pituitary: Neurosecretions and Neurotransmitters of the Fetal Hypothalamus . Growth Factors and Development . Growth Hormone and Prolactin . LH and FSH Secretion in the Fetus and Newborn . Development of the Corticotropin-releasing Factor ACTH/Beta Endorphin System in the Mammalian Fetus . Fetal and Neonatal Neuropophyseal Hormones

XXVIII. The Fetal and Neonatal Adrenal and Fetal Thyroid Systems: Fetal and Neonatal Adrenocortical Physiology . Fetal and Neonatal Thyroid Physiology

XXIX. The Ovary and Testis: Sex Determination . Germ Cells and the Indifferent Gonad . Differentiation of the Ovary . Testicular Development . Testicular Descent

Index