Analysis of Carbohydrates by Capillary Electrophoresis

1 Introduction.- References.- 2 Capillary electrophoresis, instrumentation and modes.- 2.1 Electrophoretic mobility.- 2.2 Fused silica surface and electroosmotic flow.- 2.3 Plate number, migration time and resolution.- 2.4 Instrumentation.- 2.4.1 Power supply and cooling system.- 2.4.2 Capillaries.- 2.4.3 Detection.- 2.4.3. l UV detection.- 2.4.3.2 LIF detection.- 2.4.3.3 Indirect optical detection methods.- 2.4.3.4 Electrochemical detection.- 2.4.3.5 Refractive index detection.- 2.4.3.6 Mass spectrometry detection.- 2.5 CE modes.- 2.5.1 Capillary Electro Chromatography.- 2.5.2 Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography.- 2.5.3 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis.- 2.5.4 Isotachophoresis.- 2.5.5 Capillary Isoelectric Focusing.- 2.5.6 Capillary Gel Electrophoresis.- References.- 3 Structures and properties of carbohydrates.- 3.1 Monosaccharides.- 3.2 Oligosaccharides.- 3.3 Polysaccharides.- 3.4 Glycoproteins.- 3.5 Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans.- 3.6 Glycolipids.- References.- 4 Separation and detection of carbohydrates in capillary electrophoresis.- 4.1 Separation and detection of non-derivatized carbohydrates.- 4.1.1 Electrophoresis of native carbohydrates with direct UV detection.- 4.1.1.1 CZE and MECC separation conditions.- 4.1.1.2 CZE after on-column complexation with borate.- 4.1.1.3 CZE of glycopeptides and glycoproteins.- 4.1.2 Electrophoresis of native carbohydrates at extreme alkaline pH.- 4.1.2.1 Electrophoresis of native carbohydrates at extreme alkaline pH with indirect detection.- 4.1.2.2 Electrophoresis of native carbohydrates at extreme alkaline pH with amperometric detection.- 4.1.2.3 Electrophoresis of native carbohydrates at extreme alkaline pH with refractive index detection.- 4.1.3 Concluding remarks.- 4.2 Separation and detection of derivatized carbohydrates.- 4.2.1 Labeling of carbohydrates.- 4.2.1.1 Reductive animation.- 4.2.1.2 Labeling by condensation with l-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone.- 4.2.1.3 Labeling by condensation of acidic saccharides with amines.- 4.2.1.4 Esterfication of aminoalditols.- 4.2.2 Detection of labeled carbohydrates.- 4.2.2.1 Mass and concentration detection limits and minimal derivatization volume.- 4.2.2.2 Detection sensitivity of UV derivatized carbohydrates.- 4.2.2.3 Detection sensitivity of fluorescent derivatized carbohydrates.- 4.2.3 Separation of labeled carbohydrates.- 4.2.3.1 Separation in acidic electrolytes under low EOF conditions.- 4.2.3.2 Separation under high EOF conditions.- 4.2.3.3 MECC separations.- 4.2.3.4 Gel Separations.- References.- 5 Applications.- 5.1 Mono- and disaccharides.- 5.2 Oligosaccharides.- 5.2.1 Underivatized oligosaccharides.- 5.2.2 Derivatized oligosaccharides.- 5.2.3 Enzyme action on labeled oligosaccharides.- 5.2.4 Lipooligosaccharides.- 5.3 High molecular weight polysaccharides.- 5.4 Glycopeptides and Glycoproteins.- 5.4.1 Glycofbrms.- 5.4.1.1 Erythropoietin.- 5.4.1.2 Ribonuclease.- 5.4.1.3 Ovalbumin.- 5.4.1.4 Chorionic Gonadotropin.- 5.4.1.5 Tissue Plasminogen Activator.- 5.4.1.6 Transferrin.- 5.4.1.7 Interferon.- 5.4.1.8 Immunoglobulins.- 5.4.1.9 ?1-Acid Glycoprotein.- 5.4.1.10 Various glycoproteins.- 5.4.1.11 New approaches in CE glycoform analysis.- 5.4.1.12 CE-MS of glycoforms.- 5.4.2 Glycopeptides.- 5.4.3 Complex Oligosaccharides.- 5.4.3.1 UV detection of derivatized complex oligosaccharides.- 5.4.3.2 UV detection of underivatized complex oligosaccharides.- 5.4.3.3 Laser induced fluorescence detection (LIF) of complex oligosaccharides.- 5.5 Glycosaminoglycans.- 5.5.1 Heparins.- 5.5.2 Chondroitin and Dermatan.- 5.5.3 Hyaluronan.- 5.5.4 Derivatized Glycosaminoglycans.- 5.6 Glycolipids.- 5.7 Other glycoconjugates.- References.