Chemical Process Technology

Preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 References 6 General Literature 6 2 The Chemical Industry 7 2.1 A Brief History 7 2.2 Structure of the Chemical Industry 13 2.3 Raw Materials and Energy 16 2.4 Base Chemicals 35 2.5 Global Trends in the Chemical Industry 37 References 39 General Literature 40 3 Processes in the Oil Refinery 41 3.1 The Oil Refinery . An Overview 41 3.2 Physical Processes 42 3.3 Thermal Processes 46 3.4 Catalytic Processes 49 3.5 Current and Future Trends in Oil Refining 91 References 96 4 Production of Light Alkenes 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Cracking Reactions 100 4.3 The Industrial Process 103 4.4 Product Processing 111 4.5 Novel Developments 113 References 123 5 Production of Synthesis Gas 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Synthesis Gas from Natural Gas 129 5.3 Coal Gasification 142 5.4 Cleaning and Conditioning of Synthesis Gas 161 References 168 6 Bulk Chemicals and Synthetic Fuels Derived from Synthesis Gas 171 6.1 Ammonia 171 6.2 Methanol 191 6.3 Synthetic Fuels and Fuel Additives 201 References 218 7 Processes for the Conversion of Biomass 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Production of Biofuels 223 7.3 Production of Bio-based Chemicals 231 7.4 The Biorefinery 236 7.5 Conclusions 246 References 246 8 Inorganic Bulk Chemicals 249 8.1 The Inorganic Chemicals Industry 249 8.2 Sulfuric Acid 250 8.3 Sulfur Production 256 8.4 Nitric Acid 260 8.5 Chlorine 268 References 274 9 Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysis in the Production of Bulk Chemicals 275 9.1 Introduction 275 9.2 Acetic Acid Production 278 9.3 Hydroformylation 286 9.4 Ethene Oligomerization and More 297 9.5 Oxidation of p-Xylene: Dimethyl Terephthalate and Terephthalic Acid Production 301 9.6 Review of Reactors Used in Homogeneous Catalysis 305 9.7 Approaches for Catalyst/Product Separation 308 References 311 10 Heterogeneous Catalysis - Concepts and Examples 313 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 Catalyst Design 314 10.3 Reactor Types and Their Characteristics 316 10.4 Shape Selectivity . Zeolites 323 10.5 Some Challenges and (Unconventional) Solutions 334 10.6 Monolith Reactors . Automotive Emission Control 344 References 354 General Literature 355 11 Production of Polymers . Polyethene 357 11.1 Introduction 357 11.2 Polymerization Reactions 357 11.3 Polyethenes - Background Information 363 11.4 Processes for the Production of Polyethenes 366 References 375 12 Production of Fine Chemicals 377 12.1 Introduction 377 12.2 Role of Catalysis 380 12.3 Solvents 394 12.4 Production Plants 398 12.5 Batch Reactor Selection 407 12.6 Batch Reactor Scale-up Effects 411 12.7 Safety Aspects of Fine Chemicals 416 References 419 13 Biotechnology 423 13.1 Introduction 423 13.2 Principles of Fermentation Technology 424 13.3 Cell Biomass . Bakers' Yeast Production 433 13.4 Metabolic Products . Biomass as Source of Renewable Energy 435 13.5 Environmental Application - Wastewater Treatment 438 13.6 Enzyme Technology - Biocatalysts for Transformations 445 References 452 General Literature 453 14 Process Intensification 455 14.1 Introduction 455 14.2 Structured Catalytic Reactors 459 14.3 Multifunctional Reactors/Reactive Separation 472 References 482 15 Process Development 485 15.1 Dependence of Strategy on Product Type and Raw Materials 485 15.2 The Course of Process Development 487 15.3 Development of Individual Steps 489 15.4 Scale-up 499 15.5 Safety and Loss Prevention 505 15.6 Process Evaluation 514 15.7 Current and Future Trends 526 References 528 General Literature 529 Magazines 529 Appendix A Chemical Industry . Figures 531 Appendix B Main Symbols Used in Flow Schemes 535 Index 539