High Quality Science requires High Quality Data! Today, more than ever, the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is critical in ensuring that researchers, educators, and students have the highest quality data for chemical compounds and physical particles. Available both in print and online, the Handbook covers 390 chemistry, physics, and related subjects organized in easy-to-find, well-organized tables. Every year, new reported data and new scientific areas are added, making the Handbook the largest comprehensive physical science data source available anywhere. Handbook features include:
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Ms. Leah McEwen is an active leader in the professional chemical information community. She has supported research and learning communities in chemistry and related fields at Cornell University where she was the Chemistry Library for over 26 years. She has also served in numerous roles and leadership positions in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the American Chemical Society (ACS), and the Research Data Alliance (RDA). She has extensive experience in preparation and management of scientific research outputs and an appreciation of the value and requirements for accurate documentation and metadata necessary to identify, access and reuse data. She is familiar with information workflows and needs across a range of scientific fields in diverse sectors.
Ms. McEwen is internationally recognized for connecting people around common information challenges in digital data and scientific communication. She has organized dozens of topical symposia, workshops and collaborations with researchers, educators, policymakers, funders, publishers, software developers, scientific societies, federal agencies, government labs, industry groups, private institutes, and global organizations worldwide. She has collaborated with many institutes and initiatives on developing workflows and services for managing scientific data, including the International Science Council Committee on Data (CODATA), the Commission for Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), the Beilstein-Institut, the Pistoia Alliance of pharmaceutical companies, the US National Center for Biotechnology Information, European Bioinformatics Institute, and several national level research data infrastructure initiatives.
Ms. McEwen has been mobilizing the chemical information community around the development of chemical data standards for over a decade. She is an active contributor to many digital standards projects and initiatives, including the International Chemical Identifier (InChI), the Gold Book Compendium of Chemical Terminology, the IUPAC critical evaluation of data program, and the WorldFAIR data reproducibility initiative. She had contributed to guidance and instruction materials on chemical data standards and standardized data reporting and evaluation that are accessed worldwide. She has also been involved in several initiatives to promote chemical safety and the use of chemical data for assessing and managing risk in academic research and teaching laboratories. She is a codeveloper and curator of the Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary data stream from the PubChem database at the NIH to facilitate public access to authoritative chemical safety data.
Section 0: Introduction
The Editor and Editorial Board
Preface
New Data and Updates in the 107th Edition
On the Evaluation of Chemistry and Physics Data
Current Contributors
Part 1 Data on Chemical Substances
Section 1: Elements and Their Isotopes
Introduction
The Elements: Properties
Standard Atomic Weights
Atomic Masses and Isotopic Abundances
Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea
Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points and Densities of the Elements
Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 degreesC
Heat Capacity of Solid Elements as a Function of Temperature
Table of the Isotopes
Phase Transition Temperatures of the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure
Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements
Density of Molten Elements as a Function of Temperature
Physical and Thermal Properties of Rare-Earth Metals
Thermal Properties of Pure Elemental Metals
Electrical Resistivity of Pure Elemental Metals
Electron Work Function of the Elements
Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements
Optical Properties of The Elements
Electronegativity of the Elements
Index of Refraction of Liquid Elements
Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements
The Elements: Description and History
Section 2: Atomic Structure and Spectroscopy Data
Introduction
Electron Configuration and Ionization Energies of Neutral Atoms and Atomic Ions
Electron Affinities of the Atomic Elements
Persistent Lines of the Neutral Atomic Elements
Atomic Radii of the Elements
Polarizabilities of the Atomic Elements
Section 3: Properties of Organic Compounds
Introduction
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
CAS Registry Number Index of Organic Compounds
Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Organic Compounds
Critical Constants of Organic Compounds
Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases
Miscibility of Organic Solvents
Dependence of Boiling Point of Organic Liquids on Pressure
Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds
Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds
Perfluoro- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
Section 4: Properties of Inorganic Compounds
Introduction
Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds
CAS Registry Number Index of Inorganic Compounds
Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids
Density of Molten Inorganic Salts as a Function of Temperature
Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids
Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals
Magnetic Susceptibility of Inorganic Compounds
Optical Properties of Inorganic Solids
Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds as a Function of Temperature
Solubility Product Constants of Inorganic Salts
Solubility Charts for Inorganic Salts
Transition Temperatures and Heats of Transitions for Metal Salts
Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates
Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals
Crystallographic Data on Minerals
Section 5: Properties of Water
Introduction
Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam
Fixed-Point Thermophysical Properties of H2O and D2O
Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O
Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water
Standard Density of Water as a Function of Temperature
Ionization Constant of Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure
Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water at Saturated Vapor Pressure
Electrical Conductivity of Water
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water as a Function of Frequency
Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water
Vapor Pressure of Ice
Solid-Liquid Phase Equilibria for Ice as a Function of Pressure
Index of Refraction of Water
Properties of Seawater
Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater
Section 6: Properties of Polymers
Introduction
Physical Properties of Important Polymers
Polymer Solvents
Glass Transition Temperatures for Polymers
Permittivity of Polymers
Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts
Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions
Solubility Parameters of Polymers
Section 7: Properties of Bio-Medical Compounds and Substances
Introduction
Properties of Amino Acids
Structures of Amino Acids
Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases
The Genetic Code
Properties of Fatty Acids and their Methyl Esters
Composition and Properties of Oils and Fats
Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants
Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
Apparent Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Protein-Ligand Binding Reactions
Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water
Biological Buffers
pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods
Properties and Functions of Important Drugs
Properties of Controlled Substances
Section 8: Chemical Structure, Bonding, and Molecular Spectroscopy Data
Introduction
Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase
Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules
Dipole Moments
Hindered Internal Rotation
Bond Dissociation Energies
Force Constants for Bond Stretching
Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules
Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules
Polarizabilities of Molecules
Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules
Electron Affinities of Molecules
Part 2 Data for the Practice of Chemistry and Physics
Section 9: Physical Chemistry Data
Introduction
CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics
Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances
Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature
Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions
Proton Affinities
Heat of Combustion
Heat Capacity of Solids as a Function of Temperature
Transition Temperatures And Heats of Transition for Metal Oxyanion Salts
Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions
Molar Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI
Molar Electrical Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution
Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution
Electrochemical Series
Mean Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts as a Function of Concentration
Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids
Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes
Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions
Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation
Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression
Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution
Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures
Section 10: Environmental Chemistry Data
Introduction
Chemical Reaction Rate Constants for Atmospheric Studies
Properties of Refrigerants
Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases
Air-Broadened Infrared Absorption Cross Sections for Greenhouse Gases
Annual Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide and Methane
Aqueous Solubility and Henry's Law Constants of Organic Compounds
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients
Global Temperature Trend, 1880-2024
Solar Irradiance at the Earth
Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation
Infrared Absorption by the Earth's Atmosphere
U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976)
Section 11: Solid-State Chemistry and Physics Data
Introduction
Thermal Analysis for Materials Characterization
Microscopy Techniques for Materials Characterization
Symmetry of Crystals
Ionic Radii in Crystals
The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy
Elastic Constants of Single Crystals
Polarizabilities of Atoms and Ions in Solids
Electrical Resistivity of Binary Alloys
Electrical Resistivity of Carbon Materials
Curie Temperature of Ferroelectric Crystals
Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals
Properties of Superconductors
High-Temperature Superconductors
Organic Superconductors
Properties of Semiconductors
Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions
Properties of Organic Semiconductors
Diffusion Data for Semiconductors
Properties of Magnetic Materials
Organic Magnets
Thermal and Strength Properties of Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures
Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors
Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature
Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals
Secondary Electron Emission
Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths
Electron Stopping Powers
Attenuation Coefficients for High-Energy Electromagnetic Radiation
Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics
Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials
Coefficient of Friction
Section 12: Industrial Chemistry Data
Introduction
Thermophysical Properties of Air
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids at Saturation
Vapor Pressure of Compounds and Elements
Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures below 300 K
Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions
Enthalpy of Vaporization of Compounds and Elements
Enthalpy of Fusion of Compounds and Elements
Virial Coefficients of Gases
Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids
Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density
Properties of Cryogenic Fluids
Properties of Liquid Helium
Properties of Ionic Liquids
Energy Content of Fuels
Surface Tension of Liquids
Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures
Surface Active Chemicals (Surfactants)
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases
Viscosity of Gases
Viscosity of Liquids
Thermal Conductivity of Gases and Refrigerants
Thermal Conductivity of Liquids
Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points
Sublimation Pressure of Solids
Solubility of Gases in Water as a Function of Temperature
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water as a Function of Temperature and Pressure
Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water
Diffusion in Gases
Diffusion of Gases in Water
Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution
Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases
Index of Refraction of Air
Index of Refraction of Gases
Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes
Section 13: Astrophysics, Earth Sciences, and Physics Data
Introduction
Astronomical Constants
Properties of the Solar System
Interstellar Molecules
Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth
Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth
Acceleration Due to Gravity
Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude
Summary Tables of Particle Properties
Blackbody Radiation
Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation
Part 3 Data for Modern Chemical Laboratories
Section 14: Analytical Chemistry Data
Introduction
Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry
Analytical Standardization and Calibration
Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography
Detectors for Gas Chromatography
Stationary Phases for Open Tubular Columns
Phase Ratios for Capillary Columns
Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents
Cryotrapping Coolants
HPLC Preparation
Detectors for Liquid Chromatography
Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities
Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts
Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Ions
Raman Band Frequencies
Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy
Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families
Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups
Proton NMR Shifts of Organic Liquids
13C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups
13C-NMR Chemical Shifts of Organic Solvents
15N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families
Natural Abundance of Isotopes Important in Mass Spectrometry
Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families
Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine)
Mass Spectral Peaks of Organic Liquids
Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers
Chlorine-Bromine Combination Isotope Intensities in Mass Spectral Patterns
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Techniques
Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data
Introduction
Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents
Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature
pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions
Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 degreesC
Constant Humidity Solutions
Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature
Metals and Alloys with Low-Melting Temperature
Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Electrical Conductivity Cells
Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids
International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)
Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale
Recommended Secondary Reference Points on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)
Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables
Metal Carbide-Carbon Phase Transition Temperatures
Section 16: Chemical and Laboratory Safety Data
Introduction
Chemical Safety in Laboratories
Laboratory Risk Assessment
Incompatible Chemicals
Water-Reactive and Pyrophoric Chemical Hazards
Peroxide Testing
Shock and Friction Sensitive Hazards
Flammable Liquids Categorization Criteria
Flammability of Solvents and Other Chemical Substances
Chemical Carcinogens
Ionizing Radiation Hazards
Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides
Safety in the Use of Cryogens
Nanomaterial Safety Guidelines
Exposure & Toxicity Limits
Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants
Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets
Compressed Air Safety
Laser Hazards in the Laboratory
Nonionizing Radiation Safety
Electrical Equipment Hazards
Laboratory Gloves
Protective Clothing
Respirator Cartridges and Filters
Hearing Protection Devices
Fire Extinguishers
Part 4 Reference Tables and Indices
Section 17: Quantities, Units, Constants, and Conversion Factors
Introduction
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2018
International System of Units (SI)
Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements
Figures of Merit
Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities
Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units
Units for Magnetic Properties
Radiation Units
Conversion Factors for Energy Units
Units and Conversion Factors for Pressure and Vacuum Systems
Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems
Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units
Thermodynamic Functions and Relations
Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units
Section 18: Chemical Representation and Nomenclatur
Introduction
Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds
Graphical representation
Carbohydrate Names and Symbols
Section 19: Abbreviations and Terminology
Glossary of abbreviations and concepts used in the CRC Handbook
Section 20: Covers and Indices
Periodic Table of the Elements
Standard Atomic Weights in Atomic Order Number
Fundamental Physical Constants - Frequently Used Constants
