I. Introduction.- Theories of Medical Ethics: The Professional Model Compared with the Societal Model.- II. Living Organ Donation in Western Countries.- Legal Implications of the Principle Primum Nihil Nocere As It Applies to Live Donors.- Voluntarism of Consent in Both Related and Unrelated Living Organ Donors.- Medical Risk and Benefit in Renal Donors.- Medical Risk and Benefit in Renal Donors: The Use of Living Donors Is Justified.- Medical Risk and Benefit in Renal Donors: The Use of Living Donation Reconsidered.- Attitudes to Using Living Related Kidney Donors in The Netherlands.- Living Organ Donation in The Netherlands and in Some Other Countries.- Allowing Relatives to Bridge the Gap: The Norwegian Experience.- The Living Donor in Kidney Transplantation: The Gothenburg Experience 1965-1990 From 490 Consecutive Donor Nephrectomies.- Living Donor Kidney Transplantation in the United Kingdom and Ireland: Does Donor-Recipient Age Difference Matter?.- Retrospective Evaluation of Psychosocial Factors in Former Living Related Kidney Donors.- Results of an Audit of Living Related Renal Allograft Donation From a Single Centre.- Renal Transplantation From a Living Related Donor.- Organ Donation with Living Related Donors with Cancer.- Social Aspects of Kidney Donations in 300 Living Related and Unrelated Renal Transplantations.- Medical Risk and Benefit in Non-Renal Donors.- Living Related Liver Transplantation in an Adult and a Child.- Medical Risks and Benefit of Pancreas Transplants from Living Related Donors.- Medical Risk and Benefit in Living Pancreas Segment Donors.- Medical Risk and Benefit in Living Pancreas Segment Donors.- Medical Risk and Benefit in Living Small-Bowel Segment Donors.- Living Donor Nonrenal Organ Transplantation: A Focus on Living Related Orthotopic Liver Transplantation.- Living Related Liver Transplantation: A Note of Caution.- General Discussion: Living Organ Donation in Western Countries>.- III. The Intra- and Inter-Cultural Commerce in Human Organs and Tissues.- Is There a Universal System of Ethics or are Ethics Culture-Specific?.- Preventing Commercial Transactions in Human Organs and Tissues: An International Overview of Regulatory and Administrative Measures.- Commercialism and Rewarded Gifting.- The Negative Impact of Paid Organ Donation.- Organ Donation for Consideration: An Indian View Point.- Rewarded Gifting and Rampant Commercialism in Perspective: Is There a Difference?.- From Him that Hath Not.- Aspects of Living Organ Donation with Emphasis on the Fight Against Commercialism.- The Ugly Head of Commercialism in Organ Transplantation in Greece.- Fallouts of Commercialism in Organ Donation as Seen in Pakistan.- Organ Grafting and Human Society.- Commercial Use of Human Cells and Tissue.- European Community Law and its Effects on Import and Export of Human Cells and Tissue.- Legal and Practical Consequences of the Commercial Use of Human Cells and Tissues.- General Discussion: The Intra- and Intra-Cultural Commerce in Human Organs and Tissues>.- IV. The Dilemma of Post Mortem Organ Donation: Are There Any Donation-Facilitating Factors Which are Potentially Suppressed on the Basis of Ethical or Legal Considerations?.- Post Mortem Organ Donation and Brain Death as Death of a Person.- Brain Death as Death of a Human Being: A Matter of Image of Man.- Theological Aspects of Brain Death with Regard to the Death of a Person.- Philosophical Arguments in Accepting Brain Death Criteria.- What Were the Problems of Getting Brain Death Accepted in Denmark: The Beginning and End of a Controversy.- When is a Person Dead?: the Answer of the European Philosophers and Poets.- Brain Death as Identity Loss.- Ethical and Practical Problems of Setting Up a System of Elective Ventilation.- Responsible Involvement on a Large Scale: The Gift of Life in Implicit Solidarity.- Legal/Aspects Post Mortem Organ Donation and Psychological.- Presumed Consent and Cadaver Organ Donation: Is There a Place for Family Involvement?.- Organ Donation by Presumed Consent: Consequences and Duties to the Society That Legalizes It.- Donor Recruitment: Individual Rights on Health Care and the Feasibility of a Presumed Consent and a Required Request System.- Psycholegal Aspects of Organ Procurement Systems.- Current Practice and the Legal, Ethical, and Religious Status of Post Mortem Organ Donation in the Islamic World.- Resistance to Cadaveric Organ Donation: Experience in a Developing Country.- Financial Incentives in Post Mortem Organ Donation.- The Ethical Virtues of a Futures Market in Cadaveric Organs.- General Discussion: The Dilemma of Post Mortem Organ Donation: Are There Any Donation-Facilitating Factots Which are Potentially Supposed on the Basis of Ethical or Legal Considerations?>.- V. Allocation Issues in Organ Transplantation and Dialysis.- The Origin of Allocative Decisions.- Who Empowers Medical Doctors to Make Allocative Decisions For Dialysis and Organ Transplantation?.- Allocation and Dialysis.- A Central Paradox in Medicine: The Ethical Tension Between Self-interest and Altruism.- The Role of Entrepreneurial Factors in Health Care Systems.- What Could Be Done to Regulate Profit in Dialysis Centers? Propositions From Some French Realities.- Excuses of Nephrologists Not to Transplant.- Unlimited Admission of Patients to the Waiting List for Transplantation.- Foreign Versus One's Own Country Waiting List in the Case of Organ Shortage.- The Ethical Problems of Triage for Renal Failure in the United Kingdom.- Hypotheses, Basal Conditions, and Facts in the Provision and Allocation of Renal Replacement Therapy in Germany.- Allocation and Organ Transplantation.- Who Legally Owns and Controls Human Organs After Procurement?.- Principles Used in Organ Allocation.- Is HLA Matching a Scientific and Relevant Factor for the Allocation of Cadaver Kidneys?.- HLA Matching: A Relevant and Scientific Graft Allocation Factor or Only a Crutch?.- Facing Organ Allocation Issues: An Insider's View From the New World.- Immunological Criteria in Kidney Allocation.- Age Matching is Fairer Than HLA Matching in Renal Transplantation?.- Donor Factors Determine Cadaveric Kidney Outcome: Should We Use It to Choose Donor-Recipient Combinations?.- Donor Organ Allocation from a Legal Point of View.- Ability to Pay and Access to Transplantation.- The Ethics of Assessment for Transplantation.- Should Urgent Medical Need Be Used as an Allocation Factor for Liver Allografts?.- Cardiac Retransplantation: Is It an Ethical Use of Scarce Resource?.- General Discussion: Allocation Issues in Organ Transplantation and Dialysis>.- VI. New Frontiers in Organ Replacement Therapy.- Fetal Cell Transplantation.- Transplantation of Fetal Dopamine-Synthesizing Cells: Experiment or Therapy of Parkinson's Disease?.- Fetal Islet Cell Transplantation: State of the Art.- Fetal Tissue Transplantation and the Problem of Elective Abortion.- Legal Problems Associated with Abortion: Fetal Cell Transplantation.- Fetal Transplantation: A Model for Medical Ethics Application.- Xenografting and Cardiac Surgery.- Xenografting: Its Future Role in Clinical Organ Transplantation.- The Ethics of Xenografting in Man.- The Baboon As Cardiac Donor in Man: A Reasonable Approach or an Immoral Desperate Search for Suitable Organs?.- Bridging in Cardiac Surgery: A Reasonable Surgical Procedure or Only a Method for Getting an Emergency Transplant?.- The Ethics of Domino Heart Transplantation.- General Discussion: New Frontiers in Organ Replacement Therapy>.- VII. Congress Resolutions.- Accepted Resolutions.- Recommendations.- VIII. Index.
