Atlas of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology

List of Contributors, xi Preface, xii Acknowledgements, xiii How to Use This Atlas, xiv 1 Problem Solving Diagrams, 1 1.1 Opaque and largely opaque conditions related to the jaws, 1 Common conditions, 1 Less common conditions, 1 1.2 Lucent lesions of the jaws, 2 Common conditions, 2 Less common conditions, 2 1.3 Mixed density lesions of the jaws, 3 Common conditions, 3 Less common conditions, 3 2 Radiological Anatomy, 4 2.1 The panoramic radiograph, 4 2.2 Identification of teeth - FDI (Fédération Dentaire Internationale) World Dental Federation notation, 8 2.3 Cone beam computed tomography, 11 Axial, 11 Sagittal, 18 Coronal, 22 3 Anomalies Related to the Teeth, 28 3.1 Supernumerary teeth, 28 3.2 Congenital absence, 30 3.3 Delayed and early development/eruption, 31 3.4 Ectopic development and eruption, 32 3.5 Impaction, 36 3.6 Macrodontia, 40 3.7 Microdontia, 41 3.8 Dilaceration, 42 3.9 Enamel pearl, 42 3.10 Talon cusp, 43 3.11 Dens invaginatus, 44 3.12 Dens evaginatus, 45 3.13 Taurodontism, 45 3.14 Fusion, 46 3.15 Gemination, 47 3.16 Concrescence, 47 3.17 Amelogenesis imperfecta, 48 3.18 Dentinogenesis imperfecta, 49 3.19 Dentin dysplasia, 50 3.20 Secondary and tertiary dentin, 51 3.21 Pulp stones, 52 3.22 Hypercementosis, 53 4 Conditions Related to Loss of Tooth Structure, 54 4.1 Caries, 54 Interproximal caries, 54 Pit and fissure caries, 54 Root caries, 55 4.2 Attrition, 59 4.3 Abrasion, 60 4.4 Erosion, 61 4.5 Internal resorption, 61 4.6 External resorption, 62 4.7 Fracture related to trauma, 63 5 Inflammatory Lesions of the Jaws, 64 5.1 Periapical inflammatory lesions, 64 Post-treatment appearances of periapical lesions, 65 Re-establishment of normal periapical structures, 65 Variant trabecular architecture, 65 Fibrous healing, 65 Periapical osseous prominence at the maxillary sinus base, 66 5.2 Periodontal inflammatory disease, 74 5.3 Pericoronitis, 83 5.4 Osteomyelitis of the jaws, 86 5.5 Dentoalveolar and jaw infections involving the adjacent soft tissues, 88 6 Osteoradionecrosis and Osteonecrosis of the Jaws, 92 6.1 Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws, 92 6.2 Osteonecrosis of the jaws, 96 7 Hamartomatous/Hyperplastic Bony Opacities and Prominences Involving the Jaws, 97 7.1 Torus palatinus, 97 7.2 Torus mandibularis, 98 7.3 Exostoses, 100 7.4 Bone island, 101 8 Cysts and Cyst-like Lesions Involving the Jaws, 108 Odontogenic cysts and cyst -like lesions, 108 8.1 Radicular cyst, 108 8.2 Residual cyst, 114 8.3 Dentigerous cyst, 115 8.4 Buccal bifurcation cyst, 122 8.5 Keratocystic odontogenic tumour, 124 8.6 Basal cell naevus syndrome, 127 8.7 Lateral periodontal cyst, 128 8.8 Glandular odontogenic cyst, 130 Non-odontogenic cysts and cyst -like lesions, 130 8.9 Simple bone cyst, 130 8.10 Nasopalatine duct cyst, 136 8.11 Nasolabial cyst, 138 9 Fibro-osseous Lesions of the Jaws, 140 9.1 Fibrous dysplasia, 140 9.2 Cemento-osseous dysplasia, 145 9.3 Ossifying fibroma, 150 10 Benign Tumours Involving the Jaws, 153 ODONTOGENIC BENIGN TUMOURS, 153 10.1 Ameloblastoma, 153 10.2 Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour, 159 10.3 Odontoma, 160 10.4 Ameloblastic fibroma, 162 10.5 Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, 163 10.6 Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour, 165 10.7 Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour, 166 10.8 Odontogenic myxoma, 167 10.9 Cementoblastoma, 169 NON-ODONTOGENIC BENIGN TUMOURS INVOLVING THE JAWS, 170 10.10 Osteoma, 170 10.11 Gardner syndrome, 173 10.12 Osteochrondroma, 174 10.13 Schwannoma (within the jaws), 174 10.14 Osteoblastoma, 175 10.15 Osteoid osteoma, 176 10.16 Desmoplastic fibroma, 177 11 Malignant Tumours Involving the Jaws, 178 11.1 Imaging of malignancies involving the jaws, 178 11.2 Radiological features of malignancies involving the jaws, 178 11.3 Features of some malignancies which more commonly involve the jaws, 179 12 Vascular Anomalies of the Mid- and Lower Face, 191 VASCULAR TUMOURS (PROLIFERATIVE NEOPLASMS), 191 12.1 Haemangioma, 191 12.2 Other lesions included in this grouping, 193 VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS, 193 Complications, 193 12.3 Low-flow lesions, 193 Venolymphatic malformations or lymphangiomas, 193 Capillary malformations, 193 Venocavernous malformations, 194 12.4 High-flow lesions, 197 Arteriovenous malformations, 197 13 Other Diseases Affecting the Jaws, 199 13.1 Central giant cell granuloma, 199 13.2 Cherubism, 203 13.3 Aneurysmal bone cyst, 204 13.4 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 205 13.5 Paget disease of bone, 208 14 Other Morphological Anomalies Involving the Jaws, 210 14.1 Hemimandibular hyperplasia, 210 14.2 Acromegaly, 212 14.3 Mandibular and hemimandibular hypoplasia, 212 14.4 Stafne defect, 214 14.5 Cleft lip and palate, 216 15 Other Systemic Disorders that may Involve the Jaws, 219 15.1 Osteopenic appearance of the jaws, 219 15.2 Increased density of the jaws, 221 15.3 Alterations in jaw size, 221 15.4 Changes to jaw morphology, 221 15.5 Dentoalveolar alterations, 221 16 Common Opacities in the Orofacial Soft Tissues, 222 16.1 Tonsillar calcifications, 222 16.2 Lymph node calcifications, 224 16.3 Stylohyoid ligamentous ossification, 225 16.4 Thyroid and triticeous cartilage calcifications, 226 16.5 Arterial calcifications related to arteriosclerosis, 228 16.6 Phlebolith, 231 16.7 Sialoliths, 231 16.8 Paranasal and nasal calcifications, 236 16.9 Myositis ossificans, 236 17 Trauma and Fractures, 238 TEETH AND SUPPORTING STRUCTURES, 238 17.1 Subluxation, 238 17.2 Luxation, 239 17.3 Avulsion, 240 17.4 Fracture of teeth, 241 FACIAL BONES, 245 17.5 Mandibular fractures, 245 17.6 N asal fracture, 247 17.7 Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture, 248 17.8 Orbital blow-out fracture, 248 17.9 Le Fort fractures, 249 Le Fort I, 249 Le Fort II, 249 Le Fort III, 249 17.10 Other complex facial fractures, 249 18 Temporomandibular Joints, 250 18.1 Imaging the temporomandibular joints, 250 Panoramic radiograph, 250 Other plain film studies and dedicated conventional tomography, 250 Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 250 Multidetector (multislice) computed tomography (MDCT), 250 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 250 18.2 Condylar hyperplasia, 250 18.3 Coronoid hyperplasia, 252 18.4 Condylar hypoplasia, 253 18.5 Bifid condyle, 255 18.6 Internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint, 256 18.7 Ganglion cysts, 261 18.8 Degenerative joint disease, 262 18.9 Inflammatory and erosive arthropathies, 268 18.10 Osteochrondroma, 270 18.11 Malignant tumours, 271 18.12 Synovial chondromatosis, 272 18.13 Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, 273 18.14 Ankylosis, 274 18.15 Other lesions affecting the temporomandibular joints, 275 18.16 Other non-temporomandibular joint conditions contributing to pain/dysfunction in the region of the temporomandibular joint and related structures, 275 19 Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Impressions, 277 NASAL CAVITY AND PARANASAL SINUSES, 277 19.1 N ormal variations and developmental anomalies, 277 Variations in pneumatisation, 277 Accessory ethmoid air cells, 277 Aberrant transiting structures, 277 Accessory ostia, 277 Aberrant anatomical position, 277 Others, 277 19.2 Odontogenic conditions and dentoalveolar lesions, 280 19.3 Findings related to dental procedures, 280 Oroantral communication, 280 Tooth displacement, 280 Dental implants, 282 Periapical osseous healing, 282 19.4 Inflammatory paranasal sinus disease, 284 Acute rhinosinusitis, 284 Chronic rhinosinusitis, 286 Silent sinus syndrome, 287 Mucous retention cysts, 287 Sinonasal mucoceles, 288 Fungal rhinosinusitis, 289 Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, 289 Sinonasal mycetoma, 290 Invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, 291 Sinonasal polyposis, 292 Antrochoanal polyps, 293 Granulomatous sinonasal inflammatory disease, 293 Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (previously known as Wegener granulomatosis), 294 Sarcoidosis, 294 Nasal cocaine necrosis, 295 19.5 Neoplastic disease, 296 Benign tumours, 296 Juvenile angiofibroma, 296 Sinus osteoma, 296 Sinonasal inverting papilloma, 297 Sinonasal cancers, 297 Sinonasal SCCa, 298 Sinonasal adenocarcinoma, 300 Minor salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma, 300 Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, 300 Esthesioneuroblastoma or olfactory neuroblastoma, 301 Lymphoma, 302 PHARYNGEAL AIRWAY IMPRESSIONS, 303 19.6 Summary of causes of nasopharyngeal narrowing, 303 19.7 Summary of causes of oropharyngeal narrowing, 303 19.8 Malignant disease, 303 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), 303 Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, 304 19.9 Benign entities, 305 Tornwald cyst, 305 Tortuous carotid arteries, 305 Lingual thyroid, 305 Foreign body ingestion, 307 19.10 Inflammatory lesions, 307 Tonsil hypertrophy and adenoid hypertrophy, 307 Retention cysts, 307 Tonsillitis, 308 Tonsillar and peritonsillar abscess, 309 Retropharyngeal space abscess, 310 Acute longus colli tendinitis, 310 19.11 Retropharyngeal adenopathy, 311 20 The Skull Base, 312 CONSTITUTIONAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATIONS, 312 20.1 Ossification of the interclinoid ligaments, 312 20.2 Benign notochordal cell tumour (ecchordosis physaliphora), 313 20.3 Persistence of the craniopharyngeal canal, 314 20.4 Arrested pneumatisation of the skull base, 315 20.5 Meningoencephaloceles, 316 20.6 Nasolacrimal duct mucocele (dacryocystocele), 317 20.7 Empty sella syndrome, 318 LESIONS OF THE SKULL BASE, 319 20.8 Pituitary macroadenoma, 319 20.9 Clival chordoma, 320 20.10 Skull base meningioma, 321 20.11 Skull base metastasis, 323 20.12 Chondrosarcoma, 324 20.13 Lymphoma, 325 20.14 Skull base plasmacytoma/multiple myeloma, 326 20.15 Langerhans cell histiocytosis, 327 20.16 Fibrous dysplasia, 327 20.17 Paget disease, 328 20.18 Petrous apex lesions, 329 EXPANSION OF SKULL BASE FORAMINA, 331 20.19 Nerve sheath tumours, 331 20.20 Perineural metastatic disease, 332 21 The Cervical Spine, 333 CONGENITAL VARIATIONS, 333 DEGENERATIVE DISEASE, 336 21.1 Cervical spondylosis, 336 21.2 Diffuse idiopathic hyperostosis, 337 21.3 Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, 338 INFLAMMATORY AND DEPOSITIONAL CONDITIONS, 339 21.4 Rheumatoid arthritis, 339 21.5 Ankylosing spondylitis, 340 21.6 Osteomyelitis/discitis/facetal septic arthritis, including tuberculosis, 341 TUMOURS AND TUMOUR-LIKE LESIONS, 342 21.7 Metastatic tumours, 342 21.8 Multiple myeloma, 344 21.9 Aneurysmal bone cysts, 344 21.10 Peripheral nerve sheath tumours, 345 Index, 347