Contributors xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
1 Paper and paperboard - raw materials, processing and properties 1
Daven Chamberlain and Mark J. Kirwan
1.1 Introduction - quantities, pack types and uses 1
1.2 Choice of raw materials and manufacture of paper and paperboard 6
1.3 Packaging papers and paperboards 20
1.4 Packaging requirements 25
1.5 Technical requirements of paper and paperboard for packaging 26
1.6 Specifications and quality standards 48
1.7 Conversion factors for substance (basis weight) and thickness measurements 48
2 Environmental and resource management issues 51
Daven Chamberlain and Mark J. Kirwan
2.1 Introduction 51
2.2 Sustainable development 53
2.3 Forestry 54
2.4 Environmental impact of manufacture and use of paper and paperboard 61
2.5 Used packaging in the environment 73
2.6 Life cycle assessment 79
2.7 Carbon footprint 81
2.8 Conclusion 84
3 Paper-based fl exible packaging 91
Jonathan Fowle and Mark J. Kirwan
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Packaging needs which are met by paper-based flexible packaging 94
3.3 Manufacture of paper-based flexible packaging 99
3.4 Medical packaging 109
3.5 Packaging machinery used with paper-based flexible packaging 114
3.6 Paper-based cap liners (wads) and diaphragms 118
3.7 Tea and coffee packaging 119
3.8 Sealing tapes 121
3.9 Paper cushioning 121
4 Paper labels 125
Michael Fairley
4.1 Introduction 125
4.2 Types of labels 128
4.3 Label adhesives 136
4.4 Factors in the selection of labels 139
4.5 Nature and function of labels 140
4.6 Label printing and production 145
4.7 Print finishing techniques 156
4.8 Label finishing 156
4.9 Label application, labelling and overprinting 159
4.10 Label legislation, regulations and standards 163
4.11 Specifications, quality control and testing 164
4.12 Waste and environmental issues 167
5 Paper bags 169
Smith Anderson Group Ltd, Fife, UK, and Welton Bibby & Baron Ltd, Radstock, Somerset, UK
5.1 Introduction 169
5.2 Types of paper bags and their uses 170
5.3 Types of paper used 175
5.4 Principles of manufacture 177
5.5 Performance testing 179
5.6 Printing methods and inks 180
5.7 Conclusion 181
6 Composite cans 183
Catherine Romaine Henderson
6.1 Introduction 183
6.2 Composite can (container) 185
6.3 Historical background 187
6.4 Early applications 189
6.5 Applications today by market segmentation 189
6.6 Designs available 190
6.7 Materials and methods of construction 194
6.8 Printing and labelling options 197
6.9 Environment and waste management issues 200
6.10 Future trends in design and application 200
6.11 Glossary of composite can-related terms 201
7 Fibre drums 205
Fibrestar Drums Ltd., Cheshire, UK
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Raw material 207
7.3 Production 208
7.4 Performance 212
7.5 Decoration, stacking and handling 214
7.6 Waste management 215
7.7 Summary of the advantages of fibre drums 215
7.8 Specifications and standards 216
8 Multiwall paper sacks 217
Mondi Industrial Bags, Vienna, Austria
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Sack designs 218
8.3 Sack materials 226
8.4 Testing and test methods 232
8.5 Weighing, filling and closing systems 237
8.6 Standards and manufacturing tolerances 248
8.7 Environmental position 250
9 Rigid boxes 253
Michael Jukes
9.1 Overview 253
9.2 Rigid box styles (design freedom) 254
9.3 Markets for rigid boxes 256
9.4 Materials 256
9.5 Design principles 257
9.6 Material preparation 258
9.7 Construction 259
9.8 Conclusion 263
10 Folding cartons 265
Mark J. Kirwan
10.1 Introduction 265
10.2 Paperboard used to make folding cartons 267
10.3 Carton design 268
10.4 Manufacture of folding cartons 277
10.5 Packaging operation 296
10.6 Distribution and storage 303
10.7 Point of sale, dispensing, etc. 306
10.8 Consumer use 307
10.9 Conclusion 311
11 Corrugated fi breboard packaging 313
Arnoud Dekker
11.1 Introduction 313
11.2 Functions 318
11.3 Board properties and test methods 321
11.4 Manufacturing 326
11.5 Corrugated fibreboard and sustainability 335
12 Solid board packaging 341
Mark J. Kirwan
12.1 Overview 341
12.2 Pack design 342
12.3 Applications 345
12.4 Materials 350
12.5 Water and water-vapour resistance 350
12.6 Printing and conversion 351
12.7 Packaging operation 352
12.8 Waste management 352
12.9 Good manufacturing practice 352
13 Paperboard-based liquid packaging 353
Mark J. Kirwan
13.1 Introduction 353
13.2 Packaging materials 357
13.4 Carton designs 361
13.5 Opening, reclosure and tamper evidence 369
13.6 Aseptic processing 374
13.7 Post-packaging sterilisation 375
13.8 Transit packaging 376
13.9 Applications for paperboard-based liquid packaging 378
13.10 Environmental issues 378
13.11 Systems approach 382
14 Moulded pulp packaging 385
Cullen Packaging Ltd, Glasgow, UK
14.1 Introduction 385
14.2 Applications 385
14.3 Raw materials 388
14.4 Production 389
14.5 Product drying 391
14.6 Printing/decoration 392
14.7 Conclusion 392
Website 392
Appendix: Checklist for a packaging development brief 393
Reference 398
Further reading 398
Index 399
