Regulation of Gene Expression and Brain Function

Introduction: Gene Expression in the Brain.- References.- Brain Gene Expression in Development and After Injury.- Hybridization Complexity Studies of Messenger RNAs.- Recombinant DNA Technology.- Probes for mRNAs, Genes and Proteins.- Cellular Localization of mRNAs and Proteins in Brain.- Analysis of the Regulation and Function of Specific Genes.- Cloning and Characterization of Known Brain-Specific Genes.- Neurotransmitter Enzymes.- Multigene Families Encoding Receptors.- Glia-Specific Genes.- Screening cDNA Libraries for Brain-Specific Genes.- Identification of Other Developmentally Regulated Genes.- Genes That Are Turned On During Development.- Genes That Are Turned Off During Development.- Subcellular Targeting of mRNAs and Proteins.- Neurotrophic Factors, Brain Injury and Disease.- References.- Sorting and Intracellular Transport of RNA in Neurons: Regulation of Gene Expression at Synaptic Sites.- Protein Synthesis in Neurons: A Distributed Network.- Differential Distribution of RNA Species Within Neurons.- Identifying Other mRNAs That Are Present in Dendrites.- Biochemical Studies of the Proteins Synthesized Within Dendrites.- Approaches to Isolate and Identify Dendritic mRNAs.- How Could the Differential Distribution of RNA be Generated?.- Local Regulation of Transcription in Multinucleated Cells.- Domain-Specific Stabilization or Degradation.- mRNA Sorting.- mRNA Sorting Based on Signals in the RNA Itself.- Sorting Based on Signals in the Nascent Polypeptide.- RNA Sorting in Neurons.- Dendritic Transport of RNA.- Translational Repression of Transported mRNAs.- Docking at Synaptic Sites.- Dendritic RNAs That Do Not Encode Proteins.- mRNA in Axons.- Sorting of mRNA in Other Differentiated Cell Types.- Why Are Some Proteins Synthesized Locally?.- Conclusion.- References.- Chromatin Structure, Gene Expression, and Nuclear Aluminum in Alzheimer's Disease.- Gene Expression in Eukaryotic Cells.- Basic Structures of Eukaryotic Chromatin: DNA Compaction.- Organization of the Genetic Material in the Neuronal Nucleus.- RNA Generation in the Neuronal Nucleus.- Activator and Repressor Interactions with the Upstream Regions of Genes.- Competition Between Activator and Repressor Proteins at the Transcription Start Regions of Genes.- Changes in Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression in AD.- Selective Messenger RNA Reduction in AD.- Probing of HNF-L Neuronal Chromatin Structure Employing MN and the Restriction Endonuclease AvaI.- Occlusion of the HNF-L Locus in AD Neocortex.- Repression of the Single-Copy HNF-L Gene - A Contributing Factor to AD Pathogenesis?.- The Neuropathologic Changes in AD: Senile Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles.- Aluminum in the Nuclear Compartment: Effects on Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression.- Biologic Effects and Neurotoxicity.- Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects.- Interaction with DNA and Nuclear Processes.- Aluminum and Nuclear Processes.- Localization of Aluminum in Experimental Aluminum Encephalopathy, Neurodegenerative Disease, and AD.- Aluminum Binding and Interactions Between H1 Linker Protein and DNA.- Selective Genetic Vulnerability of Neurons in AD.- Conclusions.- References.- Expression of the ?-Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene and the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease.- Brain Gene Expression and the Role of Messenger RNA.- The ?-Amyloid Precursor Protein and Alzheimer's Disease.- Brain APP Messenger RNA in Alzheimer's Disease.- Brain APP mRNA in Experimental Injury and Manipulation.- Messenger RNA and the Metabolic Health of Neurons in Alzheimer's Disease.- Conclusions.- References.-Gene Expression in Down's Syndrome, Parkinson's Disease, and Schizophrenia.- Down's Syndrome.- Parkinson's Disease.- Schizophrenia.- References.