Capillary Electrophoresis and Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis

PREFACE xvii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xix CONTRIBUTORS xxi 1 Critical Evaluation of the Use of Surfactants in Capillary Electrophoresis 1 Jessica L. Felhofer, Karin Y. Chumbimuni-Torres, Maria F. Mora, Gabrielle G. Haby, and Carlos D. Garc?´a 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Surfactants for Wall Coatings 4 1.3 Surfactants as Buffer Additives 6 1.4 Surfactants for Analyte Preconcentration 9 1.5 Surfactants and Detection in CE 14 1.6 Conclusions 16 References 17 2 Sample Stacking: A Versatile Approach for Analyte Enrichment in CE and Microchip-CE 23 Bruno Perlatti, Emanuel Carrilho, and Fernando Armani Aguiar 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Isotachophoresis 24 2.3 Chromatography-Based Sample Stacking 25 2.4 Methods Based on Electrophoretic Mobility and Velocity Manipulation (Electrophoretic Methods) 26 2.5 Sample Stacking in Pseudo-Stationary Phases 29 2.6 Stacking Techniques in Microchips 33 2.7 Concluding Remarks 36 References 37 3 Sampling and Quantitative Analysis in Capillary Electrophoresis 41 Petr Kuba´9n, Andrus Seiman, and Mihkel Kaljurand 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Injection Techniques in CE 42 3.3 Micromachined/Microchip Injection Devices 53 3.4 Automated Flow Sample Injection and Hyphenated Systems 55 3.5 Computerized Sampling and Data Analysis 57 3.6 Sampling in Portable CE Instrumentation 58 3.7 Quantitative Analysis in CE 59 3.8 Conclusions 62 References 62 4 Practical Considerations for the Design and Implementation of High-Voltage Power Supplies for Capillary and Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis 67 Lucas Blanes, Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro, Renata Mayumi Saito, Claudimir Lucio do Lago, Claude Roux, and Philip Doble 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 High-Voltage Measurement 73 4.3 Concluding Remarks 74 References 74 5 Artificial Neural Networks in Capillary Electrophoresis 77 Josef Havel, Eladia Mar?a Pe~na-Mendez, and Alberto Rojas-Hernandez 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Optimization in CE: From Single Variable Approach Toward Artificial Neural Networks 77 5.3 Artificial Neural Networks in Electromigration Methods 81 5.4 Conclusions 90 Acknowledgments 91 References 91 6 Improving the Separation in Microchip Electrophoresis by Surface Modification 95 M. Teresa Fernandez-Abedul, Isabel Alvarez-Martos, Francisco Javier Garc?a Alonso, and Agust?n Costa-Garc?a 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 Strategies for Improving Separation 96 6.3 Chemical Modifiers 102 6.4 Conclusions 119 Acknowledgments 120 References 120 7 Capillary Electrophoretic Reactor and Microchip Capillary Electrophoretic Reactor: Dissociation Kinetic Analysis Method for "Complexes" Using Capillary Electrophoretic Separation Process 127 Toru Takahashi and Nobuhiko Iki 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 Basic Concept of CER 128 7.3 Dissociation Kinetic Analysis of Metal Complexes Using a CER 129 7.4 Expanding the Scope of the CER to Measurements of Fast Dissociation Kinetics with a Half-Life from Seconds to Dozens of Seconds: Dissociation Kinetic Analysis of Metal Complexes Using a Microchip Capillary Electrophoretic Reactor (mCER) 133 7.5 Expanding the Scope of the CER to the Measurement of Slow Dissociation Kinetics with a Half-Life of Hours 135 7.6 Expanding the Scope of CER to Measurement of the Dissociation Kinetics of Biomolecular Complexes 139 7.7 Conclusions 142 References 142 8 Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (C4D) Applied to Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) and Microchip Electrophoresis (MCE) 145 Jose Alberto Fracassi da Silva, Claudimir Lucio do Lago, Dosil Pereira de Jesus, and Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro 8.1 Introduction 145 8.2 Theory of C4D 145 8.3 C4D Applied to Capillary Electrophoresis 148 8.4 C4D Applied to Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis 151 8.5 Concluding Remarks 156 Acknowledgments 157 References 157 9 Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection 161 Blanaid White 9.1 Principles of Electrochemical Detection 161 9.2 Interfacing Amperometric Detection to Capillary Electrophoresis 163 9.3 Interfacing Electrochemical Detection to Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis 168 References 173 10 Overcoming Challenges in Using Microchip Electrophoresis for Extended Monitoring Applications 177 Scott D. Noblitt and Charles S. Henry 10.1 Introduction 177 10.2 Background Electrolyte (BGE) Longevity 179 10.3 Achieving Rapid Sequential Injections 186 10.4 Robust Quantitation 192 10.5 Conclusions 197 References 198 11 Distinction of Coexisting Protein Conformations by Capillary Electrophoresis 201 Hanno Stutz 11.1 Introduction 201 11.2 Protein Misfolding and Induction of Unfolding 203 11.3 Conformational Pathologies 204 11.4 Distinction Between Conformations 205 11.5 Relevance of Conformations for Biotechnological Products 206 11.6 Conformational Elucidation--An Overview of Alternative Methods to CE 206 11.7 HPLC in Conformational Distinction 207 11.8 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) in Conformational Separations 209 11.9 Comparison Between CE and HPLC 223 11.10 Conclusive Discussion and Method Evaluation 223 References 225 12 Capillary Electromigration Techniques for the Analysis of Drugs and Metabolites in Biological Matrices: A Critical Appraisal 229 Cristiane Masetto de Gaitani, Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira, and Pierina Sueli Bonato 12.1 Introduction 229 12.2 Strategies to Obtain Reliable Capillary Electromigration Methods for the Bioanalysis of Drugs and Metabolites 230 12.3 Selected Applications of Capillary Electromigration Techniques in Bioanalysis 238 12.4 Concluding Remarks 243 References 243 13 Capillary Electrophoresis and Multicolor Fluorescent DNA Analysis in an Optofluidic Chip 247 Chaitanya Dongre, Hugo J.W.M. Hoekstra, and Markus Pollnau 13.1 Introduction 247 13.2 Optofluidic Integration in an Electrophoretic Microchip 248 13.3 Fluorescence Monitoring of On-Chip DNA Separation 249 13.4 Toward Ultrasensitive Fluorescence Detection 253 13.5 Multicolor Fluorescent DNA Analysis 255 13.6 Conclusions and Outlook 263 Acknowledgments 264 References 264 14 Capillary Electrophoresis of Intact Unfractionated Heparin and Related Impurities 267 Robert Weinberger 14.1 Introduction 267 14.2 Capillary Electrophoresis and Heparin 269 14.3 Method Development in Capillary Electrophoresis 269 14.4 Common Impurities Found in Heparin 272 14.5 The United States Pharmacoepia and CE of Heparin 273 14.6 Interlaboratory Collaborative Study 274 14.7 Conclusions 275 References 275 15 Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis for In Situ Planetary Exploration 277 Peter A. Willis and Amanda M. Stockton 15.1 Introduction 277 15.2 Instrument Design 279 15.3 Instrumentation External to the Microdevice 280 15.4 Microdevice Basics 282 15.5 Microdevices and their Applications 285 15.6 Conclusions 289 Acknowledgments 290 References 290 16 Rapid Analysis of Charge Heterogeneity of Monoclonal Antibodies by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing 293 Yan He, Jim Mo, Xiaoping He, and Margaret Ruesch 16.1 Introduction 293 16.2 Capillary Zone Electrophoresis 295 16.3 Imaged Capillary Isoelectric Focusing 299 16.4 Summary 306 References 307 17 Application of Capillary Electrophoresis for High-Throughput Screening of Drug Metabolism 309 Roman 9Rem?´nek, Jochen Pauwels, Xu Wang, Jos Hoogmartens, Zden9ek Glatz, and Ann Van Schepdael 17.1 Introduction 309 17.2 Sample Deproteinization 310 17.3 On-line Preconcentration 311 17.4 Method Development 312 17.5 Method Validation 314 17.6 Method Applications 315 17.7 Conclusions 316 Acknowledgments 317 References 317 18 Electrokinetic Transport of Microparticles in the Microfluidic Enclosure Domain 319 Qian Liang, Chun Yang, and Jianmin Miao 18.1 Introduction 319 18.2 Numerical Model 320 18.3 Numerical Simulation 322 18.4 Results and Discussion 322 18.5 Model Application 325 18.6 Conclusions 326 References 326 19 Integration of Nanomaterials in Capillary and Microchip Electrophoresis as a Flexible Tool 327 Germa´n A. Messina, Roberto A. Olsina, and Patricia W. Stege 19.1 Introduction 327 19.2 Nanomaterials in Analytical Chemistry 332 19.3 Nanoparticles in Capillary Electrophoresis 333 19.4 Conclusions 352 References 353 20 Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis to Study the Binding of Ligands to Teicoplanin Derivatized on Magnetic Beads 359 Toni Ann Riveros, Roger Lo, Xiaojun Liu, Marisol Salgado, Hector Carmona, and Frank A. Gomez 20.1 Introduction 359 20.2 Experimental Section 359 20.3 Results and Discussion 361 20.4 Conclusions 364 Acknowledgments 365 References 365 21 Glycomic Profiling Through Capillary Electrophoresis and Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis 367 Yehia Mechref 21.1 Introduction 367 21.2 General Considerations of Capillary Electrophoresis and Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis of Glycans 369 21.3 Microchip Capillary Electrophoresis 377 21.4 Conclusions 380 References 381 INDEX 385