List of Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgment xxv
Section 1 Fundamentals of Charged Aerosol Detection 1
1 Principles of Charged Aerosol Detection 3
Paul H. Gamache and Stanley L. Kaufman
1.1 Summary 3
1.2 History and Introduction to the Technology 4
1.3 Charged Aerosol Detection Process 9
1.4 CAD Response Model 31
1.5 Performance Characteristics 40
2 Charged Aerosol Detection: A Literature Review 67
Ian N. Acworth and William Kopaciewicz
2.1 Introduction 67
2.2 CAD History and Background 74
2.3 Application Areas 79
3 Practical Use of CAD: Achieving Optimal Performance 163
Bruce Bailey, Marc Plante, David Thomas, Chris Crafts,and Paul H. Gamache
3.1 Summary 163
3.2 Introduction 164
3.3 Factors Influencing CAD Performance 168
3.4 System Configurations 177
3.5 Method Transfer 180
3.6 Calibration and Sensitivity Limits 182
4 Aerosol?]Based Detectors in Liquid Chromatography: Approaches Toward Universal Detection and to Global Analysis 191
Joseph P. Hutchinson, Greg W. Dicinoski, and Paul R. Haddad
4.1 Summary 191
4.2 Introduction 192
4.3 Universal Detection Methods 194
4.4 Factors Affecting the Response in Charged Aerosol Detection 198
4.5 Gradient Compensation 204
4.6 Response Models 205
4.7 Green Chemistry 206
4.8 Temperature Gradient Separations 209
4.9 Supercritical CO2 Separations 210
4.10 Capillary Separations 211
4.11 Global Analysis and Multidimensional Separations 212
4.12 Conclusions 215
Section 2 Charged Aerosol Detection of Specific Analyte Classes 221
5 Lipid Analysis with the Corona CAD 223
Danielle Libong, Sylvie Heron, Alain Tchapla, and Pierre Chaminade
5.1 Introduction 223
5.2 Principles of Chromatographic Separation of Lipids 227
5.3 Application: Strategy of Lipid Separation 235
5.4 Literature Review: Early Use of Corona CAD in Lipid Analysis 257
5.5 Calibration Strategies 264
6 Inorganic and Organic Ions 289
Xiaodong Liu, Christopher A. Pohl, and Ke Zhang
6.1 Introduction 289
6.2 Technical Considerations 291
6.3 Applications 300
7 Determination of Carbohydrates Using Liquid Chromatography with Charged Aerosol Detection 311
Jeffrey S. Rohrer and Shinichi Kitamura
7.1 Summary 311
7.2 Liquid Chromatography of Carbohydrates 312
7.3 Charged Aerosol Detection 314
7.4 Why LC?]CAD for Carbohydrate Analysis? 315
7.5 Early Applications of CAD to Carbohydrate Analysis 316
7.6 Additional Applications of CAD to Carbohydrate Analysis 317
8 Polymers and Surfactants 327
Dawen Kou, Gerald Manius, Hung Tian, and Hitesh P. Chokshi
8.1 Summary 327
8.2 Introduction 328
8.3 Polymer Analysis 328
8.4 Polyethylene Glycol 329
8.5 Surfactants336
9 Application of Charged Aerosol Detection in Traditional Herbal Medicines 341
Lijuan Liang, Yong Jiang, and Pengfei Tu
9.1 Summary 341
9.2 Introduction 342
9.3 Factors that Affect the Sensitivity of CAD 343
9.4 Application of CAD in Quality Analysis of Traditional Herbal Medicines 345
9.5 Conclusion 353
References 353
Section 3 Industrial Applications of Charged Aerosol Detection 355
10 Charged Aerosol Detection in Pharmaceutical Analysis: An Overview 357
Michael Swartz, Mark Emanuele, and Amber Awad
10.1 Summary 357
10.2 Introduction 358
10.3 Analytical Method Development 359
10.4 Analytical Method Validation 361
10.5 CAD in Analytical Method Transfer 363
10.6 CAD in Formulation Development and Ion Analysis 364
10.7 Carbohydrate Analysis by CAD 368
10.8 CAD in Stability Analyses 371
10.9 Conclusion 373
References 374
11 Impurity Control in Topiramate with High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Validation and Comparison of the Performance of Evaporative Light Scattering Detection and Charged Aerosol Detection 379
David Ilko, Robert C. Neugebauer, Sophie Brossard, Stefan Almeling, Michael Turck, and Ulrike Holzgrabe
11.1 Summary 379
11.2 Introduction 380
11.3 Material and Methods 382
11.4 Results and Discussion 383
11.5 Conclusion 390
12 Applying Charged Aerosol Detection to Aminoglycosides: Development and Validation of an RP?]HPLC Method for Gentamicin and Netilmicin 393
Arul Joseph and Abu Rustum
12.1 Introduction 393
12.2 Development and Validation of an RP?]HPLC Method for Gentamicin Using Charged Aerosol Detection 395
12.3 Application of Strategy to Netilmicin Sulfate 410
12.4 Conclusion 420
Acknowledgments 420
References 420
13 Determination of Quaternary Ammonium Muscle Relaxants with Their Impurities in Pharmaceutical Preparations by LC?]CAD 425
Agata Blazewicz, Magdalena Poplawska, Malgorzata Warowna?-Grzeskiewicz, Katarzyna Sarna, and Zbigniew Fijalek
13.1 Summary 425
13.2 Introduction 426
13.3 Experimental 429
13.4 Results and Discussion 431
13.5 Conclusion 445
Acknowledgments 445
References 446
14 Charged Aerosol Detection of Scale Inhibiting Polymers in Oilfield Chemistry Applications 449
Alan K. Thompson
14.1 Summary 449
14.2 Background to Scale Inhibition in Oilfields 450
14.3 Historical Methods of Analysis 455
14.4 Charged Aerosol Detection for Polymeric Scale Inhibitors 459
14.5 Conclusions and Further Work 468
References 469
15 Applications of Charged Aerosol Detection for Characterization of Industrial Polymers 471
Paul Cools and Ton Brooijmans
15.1 Introduction 471
15.2 Liquid Chromatography of Polymers 472
15.3 Solvents 475
15.4 Quantitative Detection of Polymer Molecules 476
15.5 Size Exclusion Chromatography and Charged Aerosol Detection 479
15.6 Gradient Polymer Elution Chromatography and CAD 486
15.7 Liquid Chromatography Combined with UV, CAD, and MS Detection 490
15.8 Typical Examples of Industrial Applications Using LC?-MS?-CAD 492
15.9 Epilogue 497
Acknowledgments 497
References 497
Index 501
