Cardiovascular Diseases and Pregnancy

1 Introduction.- 2 Hemodynamic and Cardiac Function Changes in Pregnancy.- 2.1 Cardiac Output, Stroke Volume, Heart Rate, Left Ventricular Work.- 2.2 Blood Volume.- 2.3 Blood Pressure, Total Peripheral Resistance, Venous Pressure.- 2.4 Circulation Time, Pulse Wave Velocity.- 2.5 Intracardiac and Pulmonary Artery Pressure.- 2.6 Regional Circulation.- 2.7 Systolic Time Intervals.- 2.8 Oxygen Consumption.- 2.9 Hemodynamic and Oxygen Consumption Changes During Exercise and Medical Interventions.- 2.10 Supine Hypotensive Syndrome of Pregnancy.- 2.11 Changes in Heart Size and Cardiodynamics.- 3 Examination of the Cardiovascular System in Pregnancy.- 3.1 History.- 3.2 Physical Examination.- 3.3 Electrocardiographic Findings.- 3.4 X-ray Examination.- 3.5 Radionuclide Examination.- 3.6 Magnetic Resonance Tomography.- 3.7 Phonocardiography.- 3.8 Echocardiography.- 3.9 Vectorcardiography.- 3.10 Exercise Stress Testing.- 3.11 Basal Metabolism. Blood Examination.- 4 Cardiovascular Diseases and Pregnancy.- 4.1 Heart Failure.- 4.1.1 Acute Left Ventricular (Left-Sided) Failure.- 4.1.2 Acute Right Ventricular (Right-Sided) Failure.- 4.1.3 Chronic Left Ventricular Failure.- 4.1.4 Chronic Right Ventricular Failure.- 4.1.5 Combined Right and Left Ventricular Failure.- 4.2 Functional State of the Heart.- 4.3 Effects of Maternal Heart Disease on the Fetus.- 4.4 Influence of Age and Intercurrent Diseases on the Course of Pregnancy in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.- 4.5 Pregnancy and Rheumatism.- 5 Acquired Valvular Heart Disease and Pregnancy.- 5.1 Mitral Stenosis.- 5.2 Mitral Regurgitation.- 5.3 Aortic Regurgitation.- 5.4 Aortic Stenosis.- 5.5 Tricuspid Regurgitation.- 5.6 Tricuspid Stenosis.- 5.7 Acquired Lesions of the Pulmonic Valve.- 5.8 Rheumatic Combined Valvular Heart Disease.- 6 Congenital Heart Disease and Pregnancy.- 6.1 Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies.- 6.1.1 Atrial Septal Defect.- 6.1.2 Ventricular Septal Defect.- 6.1.3 Patent Ductus Arteriosus.- 6.1.4 Valvular Pulmonic Stenosis.- 6.1.5 Tetralogy of Fallot.- 6.1.6 Eisenmenger's Syndrome.- 6.1.7 Congenital Aortic Stenosis.- 6.1.8 Coarctation of the Aorta (Aortic Isthmus Stenosis).- 6.1.9 Uncommon Congenital Heart Defects.- 6.2 Mitral Valve Prolapse.- 7 Diseases of the Myocardium, Endocardium, and Pericardium and Uncommon Heart Diseases in Pregnancy.- 7.1 Diseases of the Myocardium.- 7.1.1 Myocarditis.- 7.1.2 Cardiomyopathies.- 7.1.3 Specific Heart Muscle Diseases.- 7.1.4 Myocardial Infarction and Sudden Death.- 7.2 Diseases of the Endocardium.- 7.2.1 Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis.- 7.3 Diseases of the Pericardium.- 7.3.1 Acute Pericarditis.- 7.3.2 Constrictive Pericarditis.- 7.3.3 Pericardial Cysts.- 7.4 Uncommon Heart Diseases.- 7.4.1 Heart Tumors.- 8 Heart Rhythm and Conduction Disturbances in Pregnancy.- 8.1 Cardiac Arrhythmias.- 8.1.1 Sinus Arrhythmia.- 8.1.2 Wandering Pacemaker.- 8.1.3 Atrioventricular Junctional (Nodal) Rhythm.- 8.1.4 Premature Beats.- 8.1.5 Sinus Tachycardia.- 8.1.6 Paroxysmal Tachycardia.- 8.1.7 Atrial Fibrillation.- 8.1.8 Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome.- 8.2 Conduction Disturbances.- 8.2.1 Sinoatrial Block.- 8.2.2 Atrioventricular Block.- 8.2.3 Intraventricular Block.- 8.2.4 Heart Block in Pregnancy.- 8.2.5 Long Q-T Syndrome.- 8.3 Artificial Pacemaker and Pregnancy.- 9 Pregnancy After Cardiac Surgery and Cardiac Surgery During Pregnancy.- 9.1 Pregnancy After Cardiac Surgery.- 9.2 Cardiac Surgery During Pregnancy.- 9.3 Pregnancy in Women with Prosthetic Cardiac Valves.- 10 Management of Pregnant Women with Heart Disease.- 10.1 General Principles of Management.- 10.2 Regimen and Diet.- 10.3 Treatment and Prophylaxis.- 10.3.1 Drugs and Pregnancy.- 10.3.2 Management of Patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease.- 10.3.3 Management of Patients with Congenital Heart Disease.- 10.3.4 Cardiosurgery During Pregnancy.- 10.3.5 Management of Patients with Nonrheumatic Myocarditis.- 10.3.6 Management of Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomiopathy.- 10.3.7 Management of Patients with Peripartal Cardiomyopathy.- 10.3.8 Management of Patients with Thyrotoxic Heart Muscle Disease.- 10.3.9 Management of Patients with Anemic Heart Muscle Disease.- 10.3.10 Management of Patients with Myocardial Infarction.- 10.3.11 Management of Patients with Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis.- 10.3.12 Management of Patients with Pericarditis.- 10.3.13 Management of Patients with Heart Rhythm Disturbances.- 10.3.14 Preventive Treatment of Patients with Prosthetic Cardiac Valves.- 11 Labor and Termination of Pregnancy in Women with Cardiovascular Diseases.- 11.1 Management of Labor in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases.- 11.2 Breast Feeding and Drugs.- 11.3 Termination of Pregnancy in Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases.- 12 Hypertension and Pregnancy.- 12.1 Essential Hypertension.- 12.2 Preeclampsia-Eclampsia.- 12.3 Renovascular Hypertension.- 12.4 Primary Aldosteronism (Conn's Disease).- 12.5 Pheochromocytoma.- 12.6 Cushing's Disease.- 12.7 Chronic Glomerulonephritis.- 12.8 Chronic Pyelonephritis.- 12.9 Collagen Diseases.- 12.10 Polycystic Kidneys.- 12.11 Diabetic Nephropathy.- 12.12 Differential Diagnosis of Arterial Hypertension.- 12.13 Management of Patients with Arterial Hypertension.- 13 Arterial Hypotension and Pregnancy.- 14 Vascular Diseases and Pregnancy.- 14.1 Diseases of the Aorta and Arteries.- 14.1.1 Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm.- 14.1.2 Arterial Aneurysms.- 14.1.3 Takayasu's Disease.- 14.2 Diseases of the Veins.- 14.2.1 Varicose Veins.- 14.3 Thrombosis and Thromboembolism in Pregnancy.- 14.3.1 Thrombophlebitis (Venous Thrombosis) of the Inferior Vena Cava System.- 14.3.2 Pulmonary Thromboembolism.- 14.3.3 Leg Artery Thromboembolism.- 14.3.4 Mesenteric Artery Thromboembolism.- 14.3.5 Cerebral Thromboembolism.- 14.3.6 Treatment of Thrombosis and Thromboembolism.- 15 Contraception and Sterilization in Cardiovascular Diseases.- 15.1 Contraception in Cardiovascular Diseases.- 15.2 Sterilization in Cardiovascular Diseases.- References.