Cardiac Surgery

Basic considerations: cardiac anatomy - the surgeon's perspective; set-up for cardiac surgery; equipment and accessories. Septal defects: atrial septal defect; defects of the atrioventricular septum; ventricular septal defect; aortopulmonary septal defect. Anomalies pulmonary venous connection: partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with sinus venosus atrial septal defect; total anomalous pulmonary venous connection; cor triatriatum. Right heart valve lesions (congenital): pulmonary valvotomy; tetralogy of Fallot; right ventricular-pulmonary artery discontinuity; Ebstein's anomaly. Left heart valve lesions (Congenital): aortic stenosis - valvular; supravalvular aortic stenosis; subvalvular aortic stenosis; left ventricular outflow obstruction; sinus of Valsalva fistula. Single ventricle: septation of univentricular heart; modified Fontan procedure; hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Malposition of the great arteries: transposition of the great arteries; transposition with ventricular inversion; double-outlet right ventricle. Thoracic arteries and veins (congenital): anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery; patent ductus arteriosus; coartaction of the aorta; vascular ring; palliative operations; interrupted aortic arch. Valve lesions (acquired): aortic valve replacement; aortic valve replacement outcomes; hypertrophic subaortic stenosis; mitral valve reconstructions; mitral valve replacement; tricuspid valve reconstruction. Ischemic heart disease: aorta-coronary bypass using saphenous vein graft; internal mammary artery bypass grafts; coronary thromboendarterectomy; visceral artery bypass grafts; ventricular aneurysm. Thoracic arteries and veins (acquired): aortic aneurysm; bypass of superior vena cava - composite spiral vein craft; permanent pacemaker implantation. Special problems: cardiac transplantation; lung transplantation; surgery for cardiac arrhythmias; cardiac tumours.