1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Energy supply in general
1.2 Electrochemical and non-electrochemical energy storage technologies
1.3 Basic characteristics of batteries, similarities and differences
1.4 Bridging time
1.5 Comparison of battery technologies
1.6 Applications and classification of batteries in overall systems
2 ELECTROCHEMICAL BASICS
2.1 Basic electrochemical terms
2.2 Electrochemical thermodynamics
2.3 Electrochemical kinetics
2.4 Equivalent circuit diagrams
2.5 Secondary reactions
3 CHARGING AND DISCHARGING CELLS AND BATTERIES
3.1 Definitions of capacitance and internal resistance
3.2 Definition of charging and discharging batteries
3.3 Discharging and charging of electrodes of a cell
3.4 Series connection of electrode interactions of electrodes on each other
3.5 Discharging and charging electrodes in a cell
3.6 Effects of short-circuiting a cell in series connection
3.7 Fault propagation, parallel battery strings and others
4 DESIGN OF ELECTRODES, CELLS AND COMPLETE BATTERY SYSTEMS
4.1 Electrochemical requirements for the structure of active materials
4.2 Design of cells
4.3 Combined ion and electron conductivity of electrodes
4.4 Cell housing and battery systems
5 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CELLS AND BATTERIES
5.1 Inhomogeneous heat capacity and anisotropic heat conduction
5.2 Heat source density
5.3 Heat exchange with the environment
5.4 Heat balance
5.5 Temperature effects
5.6 Determination of thermal parameters
6 AGING CHARACTERISTICS OF BATTERIES AND CELLS
6.1 Classification of aging processes
6.2 Service life
6.3 Limits of service life
6.4 Service life prediction methods
7 CONDITION DETERMINATION OF CELLS AND BATTERIES
7.1 Motivation
7.2 State of charge and depth of discharge
7.3 State of health and state of function
7.4 State of safety
8 BATTERY MODELS
8.1 Classification, use and limitations of models
8.2 Equivalent circuit models
8.3 Models with charge-state independent parameters: the Shepherd model
8.4 Models with charge-state dependent parameters
8.5 Sequence of simulations
8.6 Comparison of models
8.7 Modeling of larger systems
9 PARAMETER DETERMINATION
9.1 Definition
9.2 Determination by physicochemical methods
9.3 Quiescent voltage curve
9.4 Internal resistance determination with current or voltage pulses
9.5 Short circuit current
9.6 Parameterization for the Randles model from pulse loads (measurement in the time domain)
9.7 Parameterization by measurement of impedance spectrum (measurement in frequency domain)
9.8 Measurement of the AC internal resistance
9.9 Parameterization of the Randles model over all operating conditions
10 BATTERY ANALYSIS
10.1 Method overview
10.2 Evaluation of changes in electrical parameters
10.3 Electrochemical analysis methods
10.4 Chemical and spectroscopic methods - post-mortem analysis methods
10.5 In-situ analysis techniques
10.6 Summary
11 OVERVIEW OF BATTERY SYSTEMS
11.1 Physicochemical data and characteristics
11.2 Investment and operating costs
11.3 Market structure
11.4 Availability of information
11.5 Standardization density
12 LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
12.1 Introduction and economic significance
12.2 Electrochemistry
12.3 Other electrochemical reactions
12.4 Active materials
12.5 Electrolyte
12.6 Current collectors, grids
12.7 Manufacturing process and other components for the production of cells or blocks
12.8 Current inhomogeneity
12.9 Acid layering
12.10 Design and design differences in various applications
12.11 Power output and internal resistance
12.12 Charging and charging characteristics
12.13 Aging effects
12.14 Corrosion of the positive grid, positive head lead, negative terminals and intercell connectors
12.15 Corrosion of the intercell connectors
12.16 Operating strategies and design implications for lead-acid batteries
12.17 Condition determination
12.18 Safety
12.19 Battery problems
13 LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
13.1 Introduction and economic importance
13.2 Electrochemistry
13.3 Active materials
13.4 Electrolyte
13.5 Solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) and its significance for the lithium-ion battery
13.6 Current collectors
13.7 Production of electrodes
13.8 Separators
13.9 Safety measures
13.10 Design of lithium-ion batteries
13.11 Design and design differences in various applications
13.12 Properties
13.13 Internal resistance measurement
13.14 Charging and charging characteristics
13.15 Aging effects
13.16 Influence of calendar and cyclic aging and modeling
13.17 Battery management systems and battery operation strategies
13.18 State and parameter determination
13.19 Safety
13.20 State of safety
13.21 Internal short circuits
13.22 Thermal runaway and thermal propagation
13.23 Safety engineering
13.24 Battery problems
14 OTHER BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES
14.1 Alkaline nickel batteries
14.2 Zinc-air batteries
14.3 Redox flow batteries
14.4 High-temperature batteries
14.5 Lithium solid electrolyte batteries
14.6 Lithium-sulfur batteries
14.7 Lithium-air batteries
14.8 Sodium-air batteries
14.9 Ultracapacitors and hybrid batteries
15 OVERVIEW OF APPLICATIONS
15.1 General remarks
15.2 Power curve
15.3 State of charge and remaining capacity
15.4 Efficiency
15.5 Safety and environmentally compatible handling of batteries
15.6 Subdivision into areas of application
16 STARTER BATTERIES FOR VEHICLES (STARTING, LIGHTING, IGNITION, SLI)
16.1 Definition
16.2 Battery requirements
16.3 Choice of battery technology
16.4 Design and operation
16.5 Battery monitoring
16.6 Miscellaneous
17 BATTERIES FOR ELECTROMOBILITY
17.1 Definition
17.2 Battery requirements
17.3 Choice of battery technology
17.4 Design of the battery system
17.5 Design and operation
17.6 Monitoring the battery
17.7 Miscellaneous
18 TRACTION BATTERIES FOR IN-PLANT TRANSPORT
18.1 Industrial trucks for in-plant transport
18.2 Small traction batteries
19 STATIONARY APPLICATIONS OF BATTERIES
19.1 Standby parallel operation for mains backup and UPS systems
19.2 Diesel starting for emergency power systems
19.3 Batteries for balancing electricity demand and supply over time
19.4 Batteries for power system stabilization.
20 BATTERIES FOR PORTABLE APPLICATIONS
20.1 Definition
20.2 Battery requirements
20.3 Choice of battery technology
20.4 Design and operation
20.5 Monitoring of batteries
20.6 Miscellaneous
Appendix A Overview of terms
Appendix B Safe and environmentally sound handling of batteries
Appendix C Overview of standards
Appendix D Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
Appendix E Acid layering
Index
