Electrochemical Power Sources
Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors
1. Auflage
Erschienen am 27. Februar 2015
Buch
Hardcover
400 Seiten
978-1-118-46023-8 (ISBN)
Beschreibung
Electrochemical Power Sources (EPS) provides in a concise way the operational features, major types, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors
* Details the design, operational features, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors
* Covers improvements of existing EPSs and the development of new kinds of EPS as the results of intense R&D work
* Provides outlook for future trends in fuel cells and batteries
* Covers the most typical battery types, fuel cells and supercapacitors; such as zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline manganese dioxide batteries, mercury-zinc cells, lead-acid batteries, cadmium storage batteries, silver-zinc batteries and modern lithium batteries
* Details the design, operational features, and applications of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors
* Covers improvements of existing EPSs and the development of new kinds of EPS as the results of intense R&D work
* Provides outlook for future trends in fuel cells and batteries
* Covers the most typical battery types, fuel cells and supercapacitors; such as zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline manganese dioxide batteries, mercury-zinc cells, lead-acid batteries, cadmium storage batteries, silver-zinc batteries and modern lithium batteries
Rezensionen / Stimmen
"Electrochemical Power Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors" is an excellent introductory text to electrochemical energy devices which covers material considerations, historical developments of the technology and future prospects, spanning fundamental mechanisms to engineering challenges at a high level perspective. The supercapacitor section in particular goes into much more detail of the materials. This text would be most useful for students studying an introduction to electrochemistry course." (Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 1 October 2015)Weitere Details
Reihe
Sprache
Englisch
Verlagsort
New York
USA
Zielgruppe
Für Beruf und Forschung
Produkt-Hinweis
Fadenheftung
Gewebe-Einband
Maße
Höhe: 241 mm
Breite: 159 mm
Dicke: 30 mm
Gewicht
687 gr
ISBN-13
978-1-118-46023-8 (9781118460238)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
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Weitere Ausgaben
Andere Ausgaben
Vladimir S. Bagotsky | Alexander M. Skundin | Yurij M. Volfkovich
Electrochemical Power Sources
Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors
E-Book
02/2015
Wiley
95,99 €
Als Download verfügbar
Vladimir S. Bagotsky | Alexander M. Skundin | Yurij M. Volfkovich
Electrochemical Power Sources
Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors
E-Book
02/2015
Wiley
95,99 €
Als Download verfügbar
Personen
The Late Vladimir S. Bagotsky (2013) was an acclaimed scientist in the field of electrochemical phenomena. He has worked as the Head of Department at the Moscow Power Sources Institute, supervising development of fuel cells for various national and international projects. For 20 years, he was the Head of Department and Principal Scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry. He has published more than 400 papers in scientific journals such as the Russian Journal of Electrochemistry and The Journal of Power Sources.
Alexander M. Skundin, PhD is a chief scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of sciences. He is one of the main experts on lithium batteries in Russia.
Yurij M. Volfkovich, PhD, is chief scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of sciences, and is one of the main experts on supercapacitors in Russia.
Alexander M. Skundin, PhD is a chief scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of sciences. He is one of the main experts on lithium batteries in Russia.
Yurij M. Volfkovich, PhD, is chief scientist at the A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of sciences, and is one of the main experts on supercapacitors in Russia.
Inhalt
Foreword xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Preface xix
Symbols xxi
Abbrevations xxiii
Introduction xxv
Part I Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes 1
1 General Aspects 3
1.1 Definition 3
1.2 Current-Producing Chemical Reaction 3
1.3 Classification 5
1.4 Thermodynamic Aspects 6
1.5 Historical Development 8
1.6 Nomenclature 9
Reviews and Monographs 10
2 Main Battery Types 11
2.1 Electrochemical Systems 11
2.2 Leclanche (Zinc-Carbon) Batteries 12
2.3 The Zinc Electrode in Alkaline Solutions 14
2.4 Alkaline Manganese-Zinc Batteries 14
2.5 Lead Acid Batteries 17
2.6 Alkaline Nickel Storage Batteries 20
2.7 Silver-Zinc Batteries 23
References 24
Monographs and Reviews 25
3 Performance 27
3.1 Electrical Characteristics of Batteries 27
3.2 Electrical Characteristics of Storage Batteries 30
3.3 Comparative Characteristics 30
3.4 Operational Characteristics 31
References 32
4 Miscellaneous Batteries 33
4.1 Mercury-Zinc Batteries 33
4.2 Compound Batteries 34
4.3 Batteries with Water as Reactant 37
4.4 Standard Cells 38
4.5 Reserve Batteries 39
Reference 41
Reviews and Monographs 41
5 Design and Technology 43
5.1 Balance in Batteries 43
5.2 Scale Factors 44
5.3 Separators 44
5.4 Sealing 46
5.5 Ohmic Losses 47
5.6 Thermal Processes in Batteries 48
6 Applications of Batteries 51
6.1 Automotive Equipment Starter and Auxiliary Batteries 51
6.2 Traction Batteries 52
6.3 Stationary Batteries 53
6.4 Domestic and Portable Systems 53
6.5 Special Applications 54
7 Operational Problems 55
7.1 Discharge and Maintenance of Primary Batteries 55
7.2 Maintenance of Storage Batteries 56
7.3 General Aspects of Battery Maintenance 60
8 Outlook for Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte 63
References 64
Part II Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolytes 65
9 Different Kinds of Electrolytes 67
9.1 Electrolytes Based on Aprotic Nonaqueous Solutions 68
9.2 Ionically Conducting Molten Salts 69
9.3 Ionically Conducting Solid Electrolytes 70
References 72
10 Insertion Compounds 73
Monographs and Reviews 76
11 Primary Lithium Batteries 77
11.1 General Information: Brief History 77
11.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Primary Power Sources 79
11.3 Design of Primary Lithium Cells 81
11.4 Fundamentals of the Technology of Manufacturing of Lithium Primary Cells 82
11.5 Electric Characteristics of Lithium Cells 82
11.6 Operational Characteristics of Lithium Cells 83
11.7 Features of Primary Lithium Cells of Different Electrochemical Systems 84
Monographs 89
12 Lithium Ion Batteries 91
12.1 General Information: Brief History 91
12.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Lithium Ion Batteries 93
12.3 Design and Technology of Lithium Ion Batteries 96
12.4 Electric Characteristics, Performance, and Other Characteristics of Lithium Ion Batteries 98
12.5 Prospects of Development of Lithium Ion Batteries 99
Monographs 101
13 Lithium Ion Batteries: What Next? 103
13.1 Lithium-Air Batteries 103
13.2 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 106
13.3 Sodium Ion Batteries 108
Reviews 110
14 Solid-State Batteries 111
14.1 Low-Temperature Miniature Batteries with Solid Electrolytes 111
14.2 Sulfur-Sodium Storage Batteries 112
Monographs and Reviews 115
15 Batteries with Molten Salt Electrolytes 117
15.1 Storage Batteries 117
15.2 Reserve-Type Thermal Batteries 120
References 122
Part III Fuel Cells 123
16 General Aspects 125
16.1 Thermodynamic Aspects 125
16.2 Schematic Layout of Fuel-Cell Units 128
16.3 Types of Fuel Cells 131
16.4 Layout of a Real Fuel Cell: The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell with Liquid Electrolyte 132
16.5 Basic Parameters of Fuel Cells 134
Reference 140
Monographs 140
17 The Development of Fuel Cells 141
17.1 The Period prior to 1894 141
17.2 The Period from 1894 to 1960 143
17.3 The Period from 1960 to the 1990s 144
17.4 The Period after the 1990s 148
References 149
Monographs and Reviews 150
18 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 151
18.1 The History of PEMFC 151
18.2 Standard PEMFC Version of the 1990s 154
18.3 Operating Conditions of PEMFC 156
18.4 Special Features of PEMFC Operation 157
18.5 Platinum Catalyst Poisoning by Traces of Co in the Hydrogen 159
18.6 Commercial Activities in Relation to PEMFC 161
18.7 Future Development of PEMFCs 162
18.8 Elevated-Temperature PEMFCs (ET-PEMFCs) 167
References 170
Reviews 170
19 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells with Gaseous, Liquid, And/Or Solid Reagents 171
19.1 Current-Producing Reactions and Thermodynamic Parameters 172
19.2 Anodic Oxidation of Methanol 172
19.3 Use of Platinum-Ruthenium Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation 173
19.4 Milestones in DMFC Development 173
19.5 Membrane Penetration by Methanol (Methanol Crossover) 174
19.6 Varieties of DMFC 176
19.7 Special Operating Features of DMFC 178
19.8 Practical Prototypes of DMFC and Their Features 180
19.9 The Problems to be Solved in Future DMFC 181
19.10 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells (DLFC) 183
Reference 188
Reviews 188
20 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 191
20.1 Special Features of High-Temperature Fuel Cells 191
20.2 The Structure of Hydrogen-Oxygen MCFC 192
20.3 MCFC with Internal Fuel Reforming 194
20.4 The Development of MCFC Work 195
20.5 The Lifetime of MCFCs 196
References 198
Reviews and Monographs 198
21 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 199
21.1 Schematic Design of a Conventional SOFC 200
21.2 Tubular SOFCs 201
21.3 Planar SOFCs 202
21.4 Varieties of SOFCs 205
21.5 The Utilization of Natural Fuels in SOFCs 206
21.6 Interim-Temperature SOFCs (ITSOFCs) 208
21.7 Low-Temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFC) 211
21.8 Factors Influencing the Lifetime of SOFCs 211
References 212
Monographs and Reviews 212
22 Other Types of Fuel Cells 213
22.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 213
22.2 Redox Flow Fuel Cells 218
22.3 Biological Fuel Cells 221
22.4 Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs) 224
References 227
Monographs 227
23 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 229
23.1 Hydrogen-Oxygen AFCs 230
23.2 Problems in the AFC Field 233
23.3 The Present State and Future Prospects of AFC Work 235
23.4 Anion-Exchange (Hydroxyl Ion Conducting) Membranes 236
23.5 Methanol Fuel Cell with an Invariant Alkaline Electrolyte 237
References 237
Monograph 237
24 Applications of Fuel Cells 239
24.1 Large Stationary Power Plants 239
24.2 Small Stationary Power Units 242
24.3 Fuel Cells for Transport Applications 243
24.4 Portables 248
24.5 Military Applications 250
References 250
25 Outlook for Fuel Cells 251
25.1 Alternating Periods of Hope and Disappointment-Forever? 252
25.2 Development of Electrocatalysis 252
25.3 "Ideal Fuel Cells" Do Exist 253
25.4 Expected Future Situation with Fuel Cells 255
Reference 256
Monographs 256
Part IV Supercapacitors 257
26 General Aspects 259
26.1 Electrolytic Capacitors 259
References 261
27 Electrochemical Supercapacitors with Carbon Electrodes 263
27.1 Introduction 263
27.2 Main Properties of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) 264
27.3 EDLC Energy Density and Power Density 267
27.4 Fundamentals of EDLC Macrokinetics 271
27.5 Porous Structure and Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Properties of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 272
27.6 Effect of Ratio of Ion and Molecule Sizes and Pore Sizes 275
27.7 Effect of Functional Groups on EDLC Characteristics 277
27.8 Electrolytes Used in EDLC 279
27.9 Impedance of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 283
27.10 Nanoporous Carbons Obtained Using Various Techniques 286
27.11 High-Frequency Carbon Supercapacitors 303
27.12 Self-Discharge of Carbon Electrodes and Supercapacitors 306
27.13 Processes of EDLC Degradation (AGING) 311
References 313
Monograph and Reviews 313
28 Pseudocapacitor Electrodes and Supercapacitors 315
28.1 Electrodes Based on Inorganic Salts of Transition Metals 315
28.2 Electrodes Based on Electron-Conducting Polymers (ECPs) 322
28.3 Redox Capacitors Based on Organic Monomers 333
28.4 Lithium-Cation-Exchange Capacitors 335
References 337
Monograph and Reviews 337
29 Hybrid (Asymmetric) Supercapacitors (HSCs) 339
29.1 HSCs of MeOx/C Types 339
29.2 HSCs of ECP/C Type 343
References 344
Review 344
30 Comparison of Characteristics of Supercapacitors and Other Electrochemical Devices. Characteristics of Commercial Supercapacitors 345
Reference 350
Reviews 350
31 Prospects of Electrochemical Supercapacitors 351
32 Electrochemical Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion 355
32.1 Photoelectrochemical Phenomena 355
32.2 Photoelectrochemical Devices 356
32.3 Photoexcitation of Metals (Electron Photoemission into Solutions) 356
32.4 Behavior of Illuminated Semiconductors 357
32.5 Semiconductor Solar Batteries (SC-SB) 358
32.6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) 360
References 363
Reviews and Monographs 363
Author Index 365
Subject Index 369
Acknowledgements xvii
Preface xix
Symbols xxi
Abbrevations xxiii
Introduction xxv
Part I Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes 1
1 General Aspects 3
1.1 Definition 3
1.2 Current-Producing Chemical Reaction 3
1.3 Classification 5
1.4 Thermodynamic Aspects 6
1.5 Historical Development 8
1.6 Nomenclature 9
Reviews and Monographs 10
2 Main Battery Types 11
2.1 Electrochemical Systems 11
2.2 Leclanche (Zinc-Carbon) Batteries 12
2.3 The Zinc Electrode in Alkaline Solutions 14
2.4 Alkaline Manganese-Zinc Batteries 14
2.5 Lead Acid Batteries 17
2.6 Alkaline Nickel Storage Batteries 20
2.7 Silver-Zinc Batteries 23
References 24
Monographs and Reviews 25
3 Performance 27
3.1 Electrical Characteristics of Batteries 27
3.2 Electrical Characteristics of Storage Batteries 30
3.3 Comparative Characteristics 30
3.4 Operational Characteristics 31
References 32
4 Miscellaneous Batteries 33
4.1 Mercury-Zinc Batteries 33
4.2 Compound Batteries 34
4.3 Batteries with Water as Reactant 37
4.4 Standard Cells 38
4.5 Reserve Batteries 39
Reference 41
Reviews and Monographs 41
5 Design and Technology 43
5.1 Balance in Batteries 43
5.2 Scale Factors 44
5.3 Separators 44
5.4 Sealing 46
5.5 Ohmic Losses 47
5.6 Thermal Processes in Batteries 48
6 Applications of Batteries 51
6.1 Automotive Equipment Starter and Auxiliary Batteries 51
6.2 Traction Batteries 52
6.3 Stationary Batteries 53
6.4 Domestic and Portable Systems 53
6.5 Special Applications 54
7 Operational Problems 55
7.1 Discharge and Maintenance of Primary Batteries 55
7.2 Maintenance of Storage Batteries 56
7.3 General Aspects of Battery Maintenance 60
8 Outlook for Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte 63
References 64
Part II Batteries with Nonaqueous Electrolytes 65
9 Different Kinds of Electrolytes 67
9.1 Electrolytes Based on Aprotic Nonaqueous Solutions 68
9.2 Ionically Conducting Molten Salts 69
9.3 Ionically Conducting Solid Electrolytes 70
References 72
10 Insertion Compounds 73
Monographs and Reviews 76
11 Primary Lithium Batteries 77
11.1 General Information: Brief History 77
11.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Primary Power Sources 79
11.3 Design of Primary Lithium Cells 81
11.4 Fundamentals of the Technology of Manufacturing of Lithium Primary Cells 82
11.5 Electric Characteristics of Lithium Cells 82
11.6 Operational Characteristics of Lithium Cells 83
11.7 Features of Primary Lithium Cells of Different Electrochemical Systems 84
Monographs 89
12 Lithium Ion Batteries 91
12.1 General Information: Brief History 91
12.2 Current-Producing and Other Processes in Lithium Ion Batteries 93
12.3 Design and Technology of Lithium Ion Batteries 96
12.4 Electric Characteristics, Performance, and Other Characteristics of Lithium Ion Batteries 98
12.5 Prospects of Development of Lithium Ion Batteries 99
Monographs 101
13 Lithium Ion Batteries: What Next? 103
13.1 Lithium-Air Batteries 103
13.2 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 106
13.3 Sodium Ion Batteries 108
Reviews 110
14 Solid-State Batteries 111
14.1 Low-Temperature Miniature Batteries with Solid Electrolytes 111
14.2 Sulfur-Sodium Storage Batteries 112
Monographs and Reviews 115
15 Batteries with Molten Salt Electrolytes 117
15.1 Storage Batteries 117
15.2 Reserve-Type Thermal Batteries 120
References 122
Part III Fuel Cells 123
16 General Aspects 125
16.1 Thermodynamic Aspects 125
16.2 Schematic Layout of Fuel-Cell Units 128
16.3 Types of Fuel Cells 131
16.4 Layout of a Real Fuel Cell: The Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell with Liquid Electrolyte 132
16.5 Basic Parameters of Fuel Cells 134
Reference 140
Monographs 140
17 The Development of Fuel Cells 141
17.1 The Period prior to 1894 141
17.2 The Period from 1894 to 1960 143
17.3 The Period from 1960 to the 1990s 144
17.4 The Period after the 1990s 148
References 149
Monographs and Reviews 150
18 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 151
18.1 The History of PEMFC 151
18.2 Standard PEMFC Version of the 1990s 154
18.3 Operating Conditions of PEMFC 156
18.4 Special Features of PEMFC Operation 157
18.5 Platinum Catalyst Poisoning by Traces of Co in the Hydrogen 159
18.6 Commercial Activities in Relation to PEMFC 161
18.7 Future Development of PEMFCs 162
18.8 Elevated-Temperature PEMFCs (ET-PEMFCs) 167
References 170
Reviews 170
19 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells with Gaseous, Liquid, And/Or Solid Reagents 171
19.1 Current-Producing Reactions and Thermodynamic Parameters 172
19.2 Anodic Oxidation of Methanol 172
19.3 Use of Platinum-Ruthenium Catalysts for Methanol Oxidation 173
19.4 Milestones in DMFC Development 173
19.5 Membrane Penetration by Methanol (Methanol Crossover) 174
19.6 Varieties of DMFC 176
19.7 Special Operating Features of DMFC 178
19.8 Practical Prototypes of DMFC and Their Features 180
19.9 The Problems to be Solved in Future DMFC 181
19.10 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells (DLFC) 183
Reference 188
Reviews 188
20 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 191
20.1 Special Features of High-Temperature Fuel Cells 191
20.2 The Structure of Hydrogen-Oxygen MCFC 192
20.3 MCFC with Internal Fuel Reforming 194
20.4 The Development of MCFC Work 195
20.5 The Lifetime of MCFCs 196
References 198
Reviews and Monographs 198
21 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) 199
21.1 Schematic Design of a Conventional SOFC 200
21.2 Tubular SOFCs 201
21.3 Planar SOFCs 202
21.4 Varieties of SOFCs 205
21.5 The Utilization of Natural Fuels in SOFCs 206
21.6 Interim-Temperature SOFCs (ITSOFCs) 208
21.7 Low-Temperature SOFCs (LT-SOFC) 211
21.8 Factors Influencing the Lifetime of SOFCs 211
References 212
Monographs and Reviews 212
22 Other Types of Fuel Cells 213
22.1 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs) 213
22.2 Redox Flow Fuel Cells 218
22.3 Biological Fuel Cells 221
22.4 Direct Carbon Fuel Cells (DCFCs) 224
References 227
Monographs 227
23 Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFCs) 229
23.1 Hydrogen-Oxygen AFCs 230
23.2 Problems in the AFC Field 233
23.3 The Present State and Future Prospects of AFC Work 235
23.4 Anion-Exchange (Hydroxyl Ion Conducting) Membranes 236
23.5 Methanol Fuel Cell with an Invariant Alkaline Electrolyte 237
References 237
Monograph 237
24 Applications of Fuel Cells 239
24.1 Large Stationary Power Plants 239
24.2 Small Stationary Power Units 242
24.3 Fuel Cells for Transport Applications 243
24.4 Portables 248
24.5 Military Applications 250
References 250
25 Outlook for Fuel Cells 251
25.1 Alternating Periods of Hope and Disappointment-Forever? 252
25.2 Development of Electrocatalysis 252
25.3 "Ideal Fuel Cells" Do Exist 253
25.4 Expected Future Situation with Fuel Cells 255
Reference 256
Monographs 256
Part IV Supercapacitors 257
26 General Aspects 259
26.1 Electrolytic Capacitors 259
References 261
27 Electrochemical Supercapacitors with Carbon Electrodes 263
27.1 Introduction 263
27.2 Main Properties of Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC) 264
27.3 EDLC Energy Density and Power Density 267
27.4 Fundamentals of EDLC Macrokinetics 271
27.5 Porous Structure and Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Properties of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 272
27.6 Effect of Ratio of Ion and Molecule Sizes and Pore Sizes 275
27.7 Effect of Functional Groups on EDLC Characteristics 277
27.8 Electrolytes Used in EDLC 279
27.9 Impedance of Highly Dispersed Carbon Electrodes 283
27.10 Nanoporous Carbons Obtained Using Various Techniques 286
27.11 High-Frequency Carbon Supercapacitors 303
27.12 Self-Discharge of Carbon Electrodes and Supercapacitors 306
27.13 Processes of EDLC Degradation (AGING) 311
References 313
Monograph and Reviews 313
28 Pseudocapacitor Electrodes and Supercapacitors 315
28.1 Electrodes Based on Inorganic Salts of Transition Metals 315
28.2 Electrodes Based on Electron-Conducting Polymers (ECPs) 322
28.3 Redox Capacitors Based on Organic Monomers 333
28.4 Lithium-Cation-Exchange Capacitors 335
References 337
Monograph and Reviews 337
29 Hybrid (Asymmetric) Supercapacitors (HSCs) 339
29.1 HSCs of MeOx/C Types 339
29.2 HSCs of ECP/C Type 343
References 344
Review 344
30 Comparison of Characteristics of Supercapacitors and Other Electrochemical Devices. Characteristics of Commercial Supercapacitors 345
Reference 350
Reviews 350
31 Prospects of Electrochemical Supercapacitors 351
32 Electrochemical Aspects of Solar Energy Conversion 355
32.1 Photoelectrochemical Phenomena 355
32.2 Photoelectrochemical Devices 356
32.3 Photoexcitation of Metals (Electron Photoemission into Solutions) 356
32.4 Behavior of Illuminated Semiconductors 357
32.5 Semiconductor Solar Batteries (SC-SB) 358
32.6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) 360
References 363
Reviews and Monographs 363
Author Index 365
Subject Index 369