Motivation Science

Section 1 What Is Motivation? Question 1: What Is Motivation? What Is Motivation, Where Does It Come from, and How Does It Work? Carol S. Dweck, Matthew L. Dixon, and James J. Gross Energization and Direction Are Both Essential Parts of Motivation Andrew J. Elliot What Is Motivation? Edwin A. Locke Motivation Processes and Outcomes Dale H. Schunk Motivation Is the Interaction Between Dispositions and Context Deborah Stipek Motivation Is the State of Wanting Something. But Do We Want the Right Things? Kennon M. Sheldon Wanting to Feel Effective in Our Goal Pursuits for Both Outcomes and Process E. Tory Higgins and Emily Nakkawita Pleasure, Utility, and Goals: Motivation as a Value-Based Decision-Making Process Sung-il Kim Jingle-Jangle Fallacies in Motivation Science: Toward a Definition of Core Motivation Reinhard Pekrun Academic Self-Concept: A Central Motivational Construct Geetanjali Basarkod and Herbert W. Marsh Motivation Resides Only in Our Language, Not in Our Mental Processes Kou Murayama Insights Gained from Controversy #1 Section 2 What Are the Current Controversies in Motivation Science? Question 2: Are Motivational Processes Universal Across Cultures and Contexts? Does One Size Fit All? Cultural Perspectives on School Motivation Dennis M. McInerney Where Will Michelle Go to College? Culture and Context in the Study of Motivation Paul A. Schutz Can We Really Say that Motivational Processes Are Universal Across Cultures and Contexts? Briana P. Green, DeLeon L. Gray, Elan C. Hope, and Jamaal S. Matthews Vitamins for Psychological Growth: A Universal Foundation for Motivating Others Bart Soenens and Maarten Vansteenkiste Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect (BFLPE): Universality of Psychological Comparison Processes Herbert W. Marsh and Geetanjali Basarkod Insights Gained from Controversy #2 Question 3: Is There Such a Thing as "Good" Motivation and "Bad" Motivation? Some Motivations Make Us Happier than Others Kennon M. Sheldon The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Motivation Nikos Ntoumanis Less Is Sometimes More: Differentiating 'Must-ivation' from 'Want-ivation' Maarten Vansteenkiste and Bart Soenens Do We Sometimes Surrender Our Good Motivation for Bad? Some Reflections on the Quality of Motivation Allan Wigfield Good Versus Bad Motivation? Avoiding the Lure of False Dichotomies Patricia A. Alexander Insights Gained from Controversy #3 Question 4: Does Extrinsic Incentive (e.g., Rewards, Competition) Undermine Motivation? Extrinsic Rewards Undermine Motivation in the Classroom... Sometimes Eric M. Anderman Extrinsic Incentives/Rewards - Short-Term Fix that Can Undermine Long-Term Motivation Wendy S. Grolnick Interest and Its Relation to Rewards, Reward Expectations, and Incentives Suzanne E. Hidi and K. Ann Renninger Competition Can Enhance Motivation-but Typically Undermines It Johnmarshall Reeve Insights Gained from Controversy #4 Question 5: Can We Control Our Motivation? The Unconscious Sources of Motivation and Goals John A. Bargh and Peter M. Gollwitzer Two Routes to the Self-Regulation of Motivation and Goals Peter M. Gollwitzer and John A. Bargh The Uneasy Relationship Between Conscious and Non-Conscious Motivation Timothy Urdan Controlling Your Own Motivation Is an Acquired Skill Christopher A. Wolters A Key to Motivation Is Thinking and Acting like You Can Change Things Erika A. Patall Finding the Second Wind: Motivation Is Within Our Control Ellen L. Usher Insights Gained from Controversy #5 Question 6: Can You Distinguish Motivation from Cognition and Emotion? Cognitions and Emotions Energize and Sustain Motivation Dale H. Schunk Dissecting the Elephant: Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation as Distinct but Intertwined Entities Reinhard Pekrun Exploring the Boundaries Between Motivation, Cognition, and Emotion: Theoretical, Empirical, and Practical Distinctions Patricia A. Alexander Transactions Among Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition: Blurring the Lines Paul A. Schutz Are Cognition, Motivation, and Emotion the Same or Different? Let's Abandon That Thinking Kou Murayama Insights Gained from Controversy #6 Question 7: What Are the Unanswered Questions and Unresolved Controversies in Motivation Study? Understanding Motivation: So Much Is Known, So Much Left to Learn Timothy Urdan How Does Context Shape Motivation? Mimi Bong Is a Focus on Looking Smart Beneficial for Students' Engagement, Learning, and Achievement? Lisa Linnenbrink-Garcia Is There a Need for Psychological Needs in Theories of Achievement Motivation? Allan Wigfield and Alison C. Koenka Should Theoretical Integration Occur in the Motivation Literature? Considering What, for Whom, and When Alison C. Koenka and Allan Wigfield Insights Gained from Controversy #7 Section 3 How Do We Motivate People? Question 8: How Do We Motivate People? How Do We Motivate People? Connecting to People's Existing Goals and Values Carol S. Dweck Creating a Motivating Learning Environment: Guiding Principles from Philosophy, Psychology, and Pedagogy Patricia A. Alexander Easy to Get People to Do Things, More Challenging to Facilitate Their Motivation Wendy S. Grolnick When It Comes to Motivating Others, What's Easy Is Not Always What Works Erika A. Patall Motivating People: It Depends on What, and It Depends on When Eric M. Anderman How Do We Motivate People? By Working with Their Self-Beliefs Ellen L. Usher A Control-Value Approach to Affective Growth Reinhard Pekrun How to Foster Motivation? The Need-Based Motivating Compass as a Source of Inspiration Maarten Vansteenkiste and Bart Soenens You Can Motivate Others by Nurturing Five Experiences that Satisfy Their Need for Autonomy: Authentic Inner Compass, Authentic Intentions, and Freedom Avi Assor, Moti Benita, and Yael Geifman Improving Social Contexts Can Enhance Student Motivation Kathryn R. Wentzel What Teachers Need to Know About Promoting Student Motivation to Learn Helen Patrick Insights Gained from Controversy #8 Section 4 What Is the Future of Motivation Science? Question 9: What Is the Most Fundamental Limitation in Contemporary Motivation Theory and Research? Is Academic Motivation a Tree Trunk, a Fan, a Wall, a Rope, a Snake, or a Spear? No, It's an Elephant and It's on Fire Ellen A. Skinner Gaps in Contemporary Motivation Research: A Biopsychological Perspective Andrew J. Martin and Emma C. Burns Identifying the Role of Social Relationships in Motivating Students to Learn Kathryn R. Wentzel Most Motivation Research in Education Is Not Yet Useful for Teachers Helen Patrick Motivational Researchers Must Move Beyond Linear Models to Consider Motivational Processes as Part of a Complex System Lisa Linnenbrink-Garcia The Most Fundamental Limitation in Motivation Theory and Research Is Our Theories Eric M. Anderman Infatuation with Constructs and Losing Sight of the Motivational Phenomenon Avi Kaplan Theoretical and Methodological Disintegration Is the Most Fundamental Limitation in Contemporary Motivation Research Benjamin Nagengast and Ulrich Trautwein Insights Gained from Controversy #9 Question 10: What Will Be the Most Significant Development in Motivation Science in the Next Decade? The Next Decade: Making Motivation the Foundation of Psychology Again Carol S. Dweck Harnessing Biopsychology and Mobile Technology to Develop Motivation Science in the Next Decade Andrew J. Martin, Emma C. Burns, Roger Kennett, and Joel Pearson Digitization Will Bring Profound Changes in Educational Practice and Research on Motivation Ulrich Trautwein and Benjamin Nagengast Understanding Human Motivation and Action as a Complex Dynamic System Avi Kaplan Assessing Motivation Dynamically Dale H. Schunk Motivation in the Wild: Capturing the Complex Social Ecologies of Academic Motivation Ellen A. Skinner, Thomas A. Kindermann, Justin W. Vollet, and Nicolette P. Rickert Community-Engaged Research: The Next Frontier in Motivation Science DeLeon L. Gray and Brooke Harris-Thomas Insights Gained from Controversy #10