Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation

List of contributors xi Preface xvii Foreword by Stephen W. Carmichael xix Foreword by Ronald A. Bergman xx 1 Skull 1 Selcuk Tunali 2 Hyoid bone 22 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe 3 Cervical vertebrae 24 Joseph H. Miller Michael C. Lysek and Mark N. Hadley 4 Thoracic vertebrae 30 Benjamin J. Ditty Nidal B. Omar and Mark N. Hadley 5 Lumbar vertebrae 33 Ross Dawkins and Mark N. Hadley 6 Sacrococcygeal vertebrae 37 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas 7 Scapula 40 Peter Ward 8 Clavicle 51 Z.J. Daruwalla R. Malhotra P. Courtis C. Fitzpatrick D. Fitzpatrick and H. Mullett 9 Humerus 63 Peter Ward 10 Radius ulna carpals metacarpals and phalanges 68 Munawar Hayat and Marios Loukas 11 Ribs and sternum 76 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe 12 Pelvic bones 82 Alper Cesmebasi and Marios Loukas 13 Bones of the lower limb 89 Matthew Haffner and Michael Conklin 14 Temporomandibular joint 116 Toral R. Patel and Jarrod A. Collins 15 Shoulder joint 124 Brion Benninger 16 Elbow joint 130 Giuseppe Giannicola Federico, Maria Sacchetti, David Polimanti, Gianluca Bullitta, Marco Scacchi and Pietro Sedati 17 Wrist and hand joints 158 Benjamin Todd Raines and Jean Oakes 18 Sacroiliac joints 165 Niladri Kumar Mahato 19 Hip joint 176 Robert Ward 20 Knee joint 181 Brion Benninger 21 Ankle and foot joints 204 Takamitsu Arakawa 22 Orbital muscles 207 Necdet Kocabiyik 23 Middle ear muscles 212 José Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez 24 Facial muscles and muscles of mastication 217 Koichi Watanabe 25 Anterior neck muscles 228 Hye Yeon Lee and Hee Jun Yang 26 Pharyngeal muscles 236 Yujiro Sakamoto 27 Soft palate and tongue muscles 240 Swetal Patel and Marios Loukas 28 Prevertebral and craniocervical junction muscles 245 Yujiro Sakamoto 29 Laryngeal muscles 254 Eva Maranillo and Jose Sanudo 30 Back muscles 262 Barclay W. Bakkum and Nathan Miller 31 Scapulohumeral muscles 289 Clare Lamb 32 Arm muscles 293 Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura 33 Forearm muscles 298 Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura 34 Hand intrinsic muscles 315 Mirtha A. Gonzalez and David T. Netscher 35 Thoracic wall muscles 335 Michael Snosek and Marios Loukas 36 Abdominal wall muscles 369 Tsuyoshi Saga and Nagahiro Takahashi 37 Pelvic diaphragm and external anal sphincter 381 Howe Liu and Yasser Salem 38 Perineal muscles 384 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe 39 Gluteal muscles 386 Helen Nicholson and Natasha Flack 40 Thigh muscles 410 Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas 41 Leg muscles 421 H. Wayne Lambert 42 Intrinsic muscles of the foot 438 Rene M. Kafka Ian L. Aveytua Regina C. Fiacco Garen M. Ream Anthony C. DiLandro and Anthony D'Antoni 43 Internal carotid artery and anterior cerebral circulation 449 Paul Foreman Christoph J. Griessenauer John P. Deveikis and Mark Harrigan 44 Vertebrobasilar arteries 461 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas 45 Persistent fetal intracranial arteries 465 Soner Albay 46 Common carotid and cervical internal carotid arteries 475 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas 47 External carotid artery 477 Selcuk Tunali 48 Vertebral artery 487 Bernard George and Michaël Bruneau 49 Thoracic aorta 501 Veysel Akgun Salih Hamcan Yalcin Bozkurt and Bilal Battal 50 Coronary arteries 530 Horia Muresian 51 Pulmonary arteries 569 M. Cumhur Sivrikoz 52 Subclavian artery 575 Selcuk Tunali 53 Upper limb arteries 583 Anthony Olinger 54 Abdominal aorta 619 Daisy Sahni, Anjali Aggarwal, Tulika Gupta, Harjeet Kaur, Richa Gupta, Kunal Chawla, Narbada Saini, Shallu Garg, Anjali Singla, Arpan Deep, Harsimran Jit, Singh Devendra Shekhawat and Megha Rapotra 55 Renal arteries 682 Priti L. Mishall 56 Internal iliac arteries 694 Richard Tunstall 57 Lower limb arteries 741 Akshal Patel 58 Arteries of the spinal cord 752 Marius C. Bosman and Albert van Schoor 59 Diploic veins 770 Satoshi Tsutsumi 60 Dural venous sinuses 775 Shamfa C. Joseph Elias Rizk and R. Shane Tubbs 61 Cerebral veins 800 Alireza Sadighi Ulas¸ Cikla Gregory C. Kujoth and Mustafa K. Bas¸kaya 62 Emissary veins 817 R. Shane Tubbs Koichi Watanabe and Marios Loukas 63 Veins of the neck 821 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe 64 Veins of the upper limb 826 Teresa Vazquez and Jose Sanudo 65 Intrathoracic veins 832 Jonathan D. Spratt 66 Cardiac veins 854 Horia Muresian 67 Pulmonary veins 871 Yutthaphan Wannasopha and Juntima Euathrongchit 68 Inferior vena cava portal and hepatic venous systems 877 Jonathan D. Spratt 69 Adrenal renal gonadal azygos hemiazygos lumbar and ascending lumbar veins 890 Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs 70 Iliac veins 894 Deepali Onkar 71 Veins of the lower limb 900 Santosh K. Sangari 72 Venous drainage of the spinal cord 910 Joel Raborn Christoph J. Griessenauer Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs 73 Thymus 914 Ivan Varga 74 Tonsils 919 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas 75 Thoracic duct chyle cistern and right lymphatic duct 921 Young?-Bin Song 76 Lymphatics of the lower limb 935 Shun Yamazaki, Hiroo Suami, Nobuaki Imanishi, Sadakazu Aiso, Minoru Yamada, Masahiro Jinzaki, Sachio Kuribayashi, David W. Chang and Kazuo Kishi 77 Forebrain 939 R. Shane Tubbs Mohammadali M. Shoja and Marios Loukas 78 Cerebral ventricles 943 Martin M. Mortazavi Nimer Adeeb Mohammad Jaber and R. Shane Tubbs 79 Pons medulla oblongata and cerebellum 954 Dylan Goodrich Jennifer Yang Joseph H. Miller and W. Jerry Oakes 80 Subarachnoid space 959 Martin M. Mortazavi Nimer Adeeb Fareed Rizq and R. Shane Tubbs 81 Meninges 974 Nimer Adeeb Martin M. Mortazavi and R. Shane Tubbs 82 Spinal cord and associated structures 984 Shoko M. Yamada Daniel J. Won Pedro B. Nava R. Shane Tubbs and Shokei Yamada 83 Cranial nerves N?]VI 989 Jenna R. Voirol Kelley A. Strothmann Anthony Zandian and Joel A. Vilensky 84 Facial nerve 1005 Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs 85 Vestibulocochlear nerve 1034 Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs 86 Glossopharyngeal nerve 1036 Mohammadali M. Shoja Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs 87 Vagus accessory and hypoglossal nerves 1041 Mohammadali M. Shoja Christoph J. Griessenauer Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs 88 Autonomic nervous system 1050 Paul Anthony Irwin R. Isaiah Tubbs and R. Shane Tubbs 89 Spinal nerves 1057 R. Shane Tubbs 90 Cervical plexus 1062 Necdet Kocabiyik 91 Nerves of the upper extremity 1068 Mark A. Mahan and Robert J. Spinner 92 Lumbosacral plexus 1113 Nihal Apaydin 93 Facial asymmetry 1130 Senem T. Ozdemir Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs 94 Eyelids eyelashes and eyebrows 1133 Candace R. Wooten and Marios Loukas 95 Eye and lacrimal apparatus 1145 Frederic J. Bertino 96 Lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses 1158 Amr E. El?-Shazly 97 Ear 1167 Aman Deep Martin M. Mortazavi and Nimer Adeeb 98 Salivary glands and ducts 1182 Louise Wing and Tarik F. Massoud 99 Thyroid gland 1189 Bulent Yalcin 100 Parathyroid glands 1205 Bulent Yalcin 101 Laryngeal cartilages 1209 Arán Pascual?-Font and Jose Sanudo 102 Trachea 1212 Koichi Watanabe 103 Lungs 1217 Koichi Watanabe 104 Heart 1234 Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas 105 Esophagus 1247 Koichi Watanabe 106 Stomach 1253 Koichi Watanabe 107 Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts 1261 Mark D. Stringer 108 Liver 1272 Koichi Watanabe 109 Pancreas 1278 Koichi Watanabe 110 Spleen 1282 Koichi Watanabe 111 Small intestines appendix and colon 1285 Koichi Watanabe 112 Sigmoid colon rectum and anus 1308 Thandinkosi E. Madiba and Mohammad R. Haffajee 113 Kidney urinary bladder and ureter 1315 Mohammad Reza Ardalan 114 Adrenal gland 1332 Gülnur Özgüner 115 Male genitourinary system 1335 Courtney L. Shepard Dustin T. Gayheart and David B. Joseph 116 Female genital system 1364 Sedat Develi 117 Placenta and umbilical cord 1387 Sedat Develi 118 Breast 1390 Matthew Rubacha Index 1398