Bergman's Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Human Anatomic Variation
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List of contributors xi
Preface xvii
Foreword by Stephen W. Carmichael xix
Foreword by Ronald A. Bergman xx
1 Skull 1 Selcuk Tunali
2 Hyoid bone 22 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe
3 Cervical vertebrae 24 Joseph H. Miller, Michael C. Lysek and Mark N. Hadley
4 Thoracic vertebrae 30 Benjamin J. Ditty, Nidal B. Omar and Mark N. Hadley
5 Lumbar vertebrae 33 Ross Dawkins and Mark N. Hadley
6 Sacrococcygeal vertebrae 37 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas
7 Scapula 40 Peter Ward
8 Clavicle 51 Z.J. Daruwalla, R. Malhotra, P. Courtis, C. Fitzpatrick, D. Fitzpatrick and H. Mullett
9 Humerus 63 Peter Ward
10 Radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges 68 Munawar Hayat and Marios Loukas
11 Ribs and sternum 76 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe
12 Pelvic bones 82 Alper Cesmebasi and Marios Loukas
13 Bones of the lower limb 89 Matthew Haffner and Michael Conklin
14 Temporomandibular joint 116 Toral R. Patel and Jarrod A. Collins
15 Shoulder joint 124 Brion Benninger
16 Elbow joint 130 Giuseppe Giannicola, Federico Maria Sacchetti, David Polimanti, Gianluca Bullitta, Marco Scacchi and Pietro Sedati
17 Wrist and hand joints 158 Benjamin Todd Raines and Jean Oakes
18 Sacroiliac joints 165 Niladri Kumar Mahato
19 Hip joint 176 Robert Ward
20 Knee joint 181 Brion Benninger
21 Ankle and foot joints 204 Takamitsu Arakawa
22 Orbital muscles 207 Necdet Kocabiyik
23 Middle ear muscles 212 José Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez
24 Facial muscles and muscles of mastication 217 Koichi Watanabe
25 Anterior neck muscles 228 Hye Yeon Lee and Hee Jun Yang
26 Pharyngeal muscles 236 Yujiro Sakamoto
27 Soft palate and tongue muscles 240 Swetal Patel and Marios Loukas
28 Prevertebral and craniocervical junction muscles 245 Yujiro Sakamoto
29 Laryngeal muscles 254 Eva Maranillo and Jose Sanudo
30 Back muscles 262 Barclay W. Bakkum and Nathan Miller
31 Scapulohumeral muscles 289 Clare Lamb
32 Arm muscles 293 Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura
33 Forearm muscles 298 Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura
34 Hand intrinsic muscles 315 Mirtha A. Gonzalez and David T. Netscher
35 Thoracic wall muscles 335 Michael Snosek and Marios Loukas
36 Abdominal wall muscles 369 Tsuyoshi Saga and Nagahiro Takahashi
37 Pelvic diaphragm and external anal sphincter 381 Howe Liu and Yasser Salem
38 Perineal muscles 384 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe
39 Gluteal muscles 386 Helen Nicholson and Natasha Flack
40 Thigh muscles 410 Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas
41 Leg muscles 421 H. Wayne Lambert
42 Intrinsic muscles of the foot 438 Rene M. Kafka, Ian L. Aveytua, Regina C. Fiacco, Garen M. Ream, Anthony C. DiLandro and Anthony D'Antoni
43 Internal carotid artery and anterior cerebral circulation 449 Paul Foreman, Christoph J. Griessenauer, John P. Deveikis and Mark Harrigan
44 Vertebrobasilar arteries 461 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas
45 Persistent fetal intracranial arteries 465 Soner Albay
46 Common carotid and cervical internal carotid arteries 475 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas
47 External carotid artery 477 Selcuk Tunali
48 Vertebral artery 487 Bernard George and Michaël Bruneau
49 Thoracic aorta 501 Veysel Akgun, Salih Hamcan, Yalcin Bozkurt and Bilal Battal
50 Coronary arteries 530 Horia Muresian
51 Pulmonary arteries 569 M. Cumhur Sivrikoz
52 Subclavian artery 575 Selcuk Tunali
53 Upper limb arteries 583 Anthony Olinger
54 Abdominal aorta 619 Daisy Sahni, Anjali Aggarwal, Tulika Gupta, Harjeet Kaur, Richa Gupta, Kunal Chawla, Narbada Saini, Shallu Garg, Anjali Singla, Arpan Deep, Harsimran Jit Singh, Devendra Shekhawat and Megha Rapotra
55 Renal arteries 682 Priti L. Mishall
56 Internal iliac arteries 694 Richard Tunstall
57 Lower limb arteries 741 Akshal Patel
58 Arteries of the spinal cord 752 Marius C. Bosman and Albert van Schoor
59 Diploic veins 770 Satoshi Tsutsumi
60 Dural venous sinuses 775 Shamfa C. Joseph, Elias Rizk and R. Shane Tubbs
61 Cerebral veins 800 Alireza Sadighi, Ulas, Cikla, Gregory C. Kujoth and Mustafa K. Baskaya
62 Emissary veins 817 R. Shane Tubbs, Koichi Watanabe and Marios Loukas
63 Veins of the neck 821 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe
64 Veins of the upper limb 826 Teresa Vazquez and Jose Sanudo
65 Intrathoracic veins 832 Jonathan D. Spratt
66 Cardiac veins 854 Horia Muresian
67 Pulmonary veins 871 Yutthaphan Wannasopha and Juntima Euathrongchit
68 Inferior vena cava, portal and hepatic venous systems 877 Jonathan D. Spratt
69 Adrenal, renal, gonadal, azygos, hemiazygos, lumbar, and ascending lumbar veins 890 Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs
70 Iliac veins 894 Deepali Onkar
71 Veins of the lower limb 900 Santosh K. Sangari
72 Venous drainage of the spinal cord 910 Joel Raborn, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs
73 Thymus 914 Ivan Varga
74 Tonsils 919 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas
75 Thoracic duct, chyle cistern, and right lymphatic duct 921 Young-Bin Song
76 Lymphatics of the lower limb 935 Shun Yamazaki, Hiroo Suami, Nobuaki Imanishi, Sadakazu Aiso, Minoru Yamada, Masahiro Jinzaki, Sachio Kuribayashi, David W. Chang and Kazuo Kishi
77 Forebrain 939 R. Shane Tubbs, Mohammadali M. Shoja and Marios Loukas
78 Cerebral ventricles 943 Martin M. Mortazavi, Nimer Adeeb, Mohammad Jaber and R. Shane Tubbs
79 Pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum 954 Dylan Goodrich, Jennifer Yang, Joseph H. Miller and W. Jerry Oakes
80 Subarachnoid space 959 Martin M. Mortazavi, Nimer Adeeb, Fareed Rizq and R. Shane Tubbs
81 Meninges 974 Nimer Adeeb, Martin M. Mortazavi and R. Shane Tubbs
82 Spinal cord and associated structures 984 Shoko M. Yamada, Daniel J. Won, Pedro B. Nava, R. Shane Tubbs and Shokei Yamada
83 Cranial nerves N-VI 989 Jenna R. Voirol, Kelley A. Strothmann, Anthony Zandian and Joel A. Vilensky
84 Facial nerve 1005 Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs
85 Vestibulocochlear nerve 1034 Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs
86 Glossopharyngeal nerve 1036 Mohammadali M. Shoja, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs
87 Vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves 1041 Mohammadali M. Shoja, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs
88 Autonomic nervous system 1050 Paul Anthony Irwin, R. Isaiah Tubbs and R. Shane Tubbs
89 Spinal nerves 1057 R. Shane Tubbs
90 Cervical plexus 1062 Necdet Kocabiyik
91 Nerves of the upper extremity 1068 Mark A. Mahan and Robert J. Spinner
92 Lumbosacral plexus 1113 Nihal Apaydin
93 Facial asymmetry 1130 Senem T. Ozdemir, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs
94 Eyelids, eyelashes, and eyebrows 1133 Candace R. Wooten and Marios Loukas
95 Eye and lacrimal apparatus 1145 Frederic J. Bertino
96 Lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses 1158 Amr E. El-Shazly
97 Ear 1167 Aman Deep, Martin M. Mortazavi and Nimer Adeeb
98 Salivary glands and ducts 1182 Louise Wing and Tarik F. Massoud
99 Thyroid gland 1189 Bulent Yalcin
100 Parathyroid glands 1205 Bulent Yalcin
101 Laryngeal cartilages 1209 Arán Pascual-Font and Jose Sanudo
102 Trachea 1212 Koichi Watanabe
103 Lungs 1217 Koichi Watanabe
104 Heart 1234 Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas
105 Esophagus 1247 Koichi Watanabe
106 Stomach 1253 Koichi Watanabe
107 Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts 1261 Mark D. Stringer
108 Liver 1272 Koichi Watanabe
109 Pancreas 1278 Koichi Watanabe
110 Spleen 1282 Koichi Watanabe
111 Small intestines, appendix, and colon 1285 Koichi Watanabe
112 Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus 1308 Thandinkosi E. Madiba and Mohammad R. Haffajee
113 Kidney, urinary bladder, and ureter 1315 Mohammad Reza Ardalan
114 Adrenal gland 1332 Gülnur Özgüner
115 Male genitourinary system 1335 Courtney L. Shepard, Dustin T. Gayheart and David B. Joseph
116 Female genital system 1364 Sedat Develi
117 Placenta and umbilical cord 1387 Sedat Develi
118 Breast 1390 Matthew Rubacha
Index 1398
