List of contributors xi

Preface xvii

Foreword by Stephen W. Carmichael xix

Foreword by Ronald A. Bergman xx

1 Skull 1 Selcuk Tunali

2 Hyoid bone 22 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe

3 Cervical vertebrae 24 Joseph H. Miller, Michael C. Lysek and Mark N. Hadley

4 Thoracic vertebrae 30 Benjamin J. Ditty, Nidal B. Omar and Mark N. Hadley

5 Lumbar vertebrae 33 Ross Dawkins and Mark N. Hadley

6 Sacrococcygeal vertebrae 37 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas

7 Scapula 40 Peter Ward

8 Clavicle 51 Z.J. Daruwalla, R. Malhotra, P. Courtis, C. Fitzpatrick, D. Fitzpatrick and H. Mullett

9 Humerus 63 Peter Ward

10 Radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges 68 Munawar Hayat and Marios Loukas

11 Ribs and sternum 76 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe

12 Pelvic bones 82 Alper Cesmebasi and Marios Loukas

13 Bones of the lower limb 89 Matthew Haffner and Michael Conklin

14 Temporomandibular joint 116 Toral R. Patel and Jarrod A. Collins

15 Shoulder joint 124 Brion Benninger

16 Elbow joint 130 Giuseppe Giannicola, Federico Maria Sacchetti, David Polimanti, Gianluca Bullitta, Marco Scacchi and Pietro Sedati

17 Wrist and hand joints 158 Benjamin Todd Raines and Jean Oakes

18 Sacroiliac joints 165 Niladri Kumar Mahato

19 Hip joint 176 Robert Ward

20 Knee joint 181 Brion Benninger

21 Ankle and foot joints 204 Takamitsu Arakawa

22 Orbital muscles 207 Necdet Kocabiyik

23 Middle ear muscles 212 José Francisco Rodríguez-Vázquez

24 Facial muscles and muscles of mastication 217 Koichi Watanabe

25 Anterior neck muscles 228 Hye Yeon Lee and Hee Jun Yang

26 Pharyngeal muscles 236 Yujiro Sakamoto

27 Soft palate and tongue muscles 240 Swetal Patel and Marios Loukas

28 Prevertebral and craniocervical junction muscles 245 Yujiro Sakamoto

29 Laryngeal muscles 254 Eva Maranillo and Jose Sanudo

30 Back muscles 262 Barclay W. Bakkum and Nathan Miller

31 Scapulohumeral muscles 289 Clare Lamb

32 Arm muscles 293 Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura

33 Forearm muscles 298 Keiichi Akita and Akimoto Nimura

34 Hand intrinsic muscles 315 Mirtha A. Gonzalez and David T. Netscher

35 Thoracic wall muscles 335 Michael Snosek and Marios Loukas

36 Abdominal wall muscles 369 Tsuyoshi Saga and Nagahiro Takahashi

37 Pelvic diaphragm and external anal sphincter 381 Howe Liu and Yasser Salem

38 Perineal muscles 384 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe

39 Gluteal muscles 386 Helen Nicholson and Natasha Flack

40 Thigh muscles 410 Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas

41 Leg muscles 421 H. Wayne Lambert

42 Intrinsic muscles of the foot 438 Rene M. Kafka, Ian L. Aveytua, Regina C. Fiacco, Garen M. Ream, Anthony C. DiLandro and Anthony D'Antoni

43 Internal carotid artery and anterior cerebral circulation 449 Paul Foreman, Christoph J. Griessenauer, John P. Deveikis and Mark Harrigan

44 Vertebrobasilar arteries 461 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas

45 Persistent fetal intracranial arteries 465 Soner Albay

46 Common carotid and cervical internal carotid arteries 475 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas

47 External carotid artery 477 Selcuk Tunali

48 Vertebral artery 487 Bernard George and Michaël Bruneau

49 Thoracic aorta 501 Veysel Akgun, Salih Hamcan, Yalcin Bozkurt and Bilal Battal

50 Coronary arteries 530 Horia Muresian

51 Pulmonary arteries 569 M. Cumhur Sivrikoz

52 Subclavian artery 575 Selcuk Tunali

53 Upper limb arteries 583 Anthony Olinger

54 Abdominal aorta 619 Daisy Sahni, Anjali Aggarwal, Tulika Gupta, Harjeet Kaur, Richa Gupta, Kunal Chawla, Narbada Saini, Shallu Garg, Anjali Singla, Arpan Deep, Harsimran Jit Singh, Devendra Shekhawat and Megha Rapotra

55 Renal arteries 682 Priti L. Mishall

56 Internal iliac arteries 694 Richard Tunstall

57 Lower limb arteries 741 Akshal Patel

58 Arteries of the spinal cord 752 Marius C. Bosman and Albert van Schoor

59 Diploic veins 770 Satoshi Tsutsumi

60 Dural venous sinuses 775 Shamfa C. Joseph, Elias Rizk and R. Shane Tubbs

61 Cerebral veins 800 Alireza Sadighi, Ulas, Cikla, Gregory C. Kujoth and Mustafa K. Baskaya

62 Emissary veins 817 R. Shane Tubbs, Koichi Watanabe and Marios Loukas

63 Veins of the neck 821 R. Shane Tubbs and Koichi Watanabe

64 Veins of the upper limb 826 Teresa Vazquez and Jose Sanudo

65 Intrathoracic veins 832 Jonathan D. Spratt

66 Cardiac veins 854 Horia Muresian

67 Pulmonary veins 871 Yutthaphan Wannasopha and Juntima Euathrongchit

68 Inferior vena cava, portal and hepatic venous systems 877 Jonathan D. Spratt

69 Adrenal, renal, gonadal, azygos, hemiazygos, lumbar, and ascending lumbar veins 890 Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs

70 Iliac veins 894 Deepali Onkar

71 Veins of the lower limb 900 Santosh K. Sangari

72 Venous drainage of the spinal cord 910 Joel Raborn, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs

73 Thymus 914 Ivan Varga

74 Tonsils 919 R. Shane Tubbs and Marios Loukas

75 Thoracic duct, chyle cistern, and right lymphatic duct 921 Young-Bin Song

76 Lymphatics of the lower limb 935 Shun Yamazaki, Hiroo Suami, Nobuaki Imanishi, Sadakazu Aiso, Minoru Yamada, Masahiro Jinzaki, Sachio Kuribayashi, David W. Chang and Kazuo Kishi

77 Forebrain 939 R. Shane Tubbs, Mohammadali M. Shoja and Marios Loukas

78 Cerebral ventricles 943 Martin M. Mortazavi, Nimer Adeeb, Mohammad Jaber and R. Shane Tubbs

79 Pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum 954 Dylan Goodrich, Jennifer Yang, Joseph H. Miller and W. Jerry Oakes

80 Subarachnoid space 959 Martin M. Mortazavi, Nimer Adeeb, Fareed Rizq and R. Shane Tubbs

81 Meninges 974 Nimer Adeeb, Martin M. Mortazavi and R. Shane Tubbs

82 Spinal cord and associated structures 984 Shoko M. Yamada, Daniel J. Won, Pedro B. Nava, R. Shane Tubbs and Shokei Yamada

83 Cranial nerves N-VI 989 Jenna R. Voirol, Kelley A. Strothmann, Anthony Zandian and Joel A. Vilensky

84 Facial nerve 1005 Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs

85 Vestibulocochlear nerve 1034 Mohammadali M. Shoja and R. Shane Tubbs

86 Glossopharyngeal nerve 1036 Mohammadali M. Shoja, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs

87 Vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves 1041 Mohammadali M. Shoja, Christoph J. Griessenauer, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs

88 Autonomic nervous system 1050 Paul Anthony Irwin, R. Isaiah Tubbs and R. Shane Tubbs

89 Spinal nerves 1057 R. Shane Tubbs

90 Cervical plexus 1062 Necdet Kocabiyik

91 Nerves of the upper extremity 1068 Mark A. Mahan and Robert J. Spinner

92 Lumbosacral plexus 1113 Nihal Apaydin

93 Facial asymmetry 1130 Senem T. Ozdemir, Marios Loukas and R. Shane Tubbs

94 Eyelids, eyelashes, and eyebrows 1133 Candace R. Wooten and Marios Loukas

95 Eye and lacrimal apparatus 1145 Frederic J. Bertino

96 Lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses 1158 Amr E. El-Shazly

97 Ear 1167 Aman Deep, Martin M. Mortazavi and Nimer Adeeb

98 Salivary glands and ducts 1182 Louise Wing and Tarik F. Massoud

99 Thyroid gland 1189 Bulent Yalcin

100 Parathyroid glands 1205 Bulent Yalcin

101 Laryngeal cartilages 1209 Arán Pascual-Font and Jose Sanudo

102 Trachea 1212 Koichi Watanabe

103 Lungs 1217 Koichi Watanabe

104 Heart 1234 Maira du Plessis and Marios Loukas

105 Esophagus 1247 Koichi Watanabe

106 Stomach 1253 Koichi Watanabe

107 Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts 1261 Mark D. Stringer

108 Liver 1272 Koichi Watanabe

109 Pancreas 1278 Koichi Watanabe

110 Spleen 1282 Koichi Watanabe

111 Small intestines, appendix, and colon 1285 Koichi Watanabe

112 Sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus 1308 Thandinkosi E. Madiba and Mohammad R. Haffajee

113 Kidney, urinary bladder, and ureter 1315 Mohammad Reza Ardalan

114 Adrenal gland 1332 Gülnur Özgüner

115 Male genitourinary system 1335 Courtney L. Shepard, Dustin T. Gayheart and David B. Joseph

116 Female genital system 1364 Sedat Develi

117 Placenta and umbilical cord 1387 Sedat Develi

118 Breast 1390 Matthew Rubacha

Index 1398