Educational Psychology: Windows On Teaching

Part I: Introduction to Educational Psychology1 Educational Psychology for Teachers: AnIntroductionLearning Objectives*Preview*The Improving Status of TeachingThe Current Educational Reform MovementThe Cognitive RevolutionKey Points*Self-Study Exercises*Further Readings*References*2 Learning: The Major Focus of Educational PsychologyThe Study of LearningBehavioral and Cognitive Approaches: Contrasting ViewsThe Behavioral Approach to LearningThe Cognitive Approach to LearningThe Social Learning ApproachThe Humanist Approach to LearningPart II: Cognitive Processes3 The Cognitive-Developmental ModelDevelopmental StagesPiaget's Approach to Cognitive DevelopmentVygotsky's Approach to Cognitive DevelopmentBruner's Approach to Cognitive DevelopmentThe Constructivist Approach4 Information-Processing TheoryThe Computer as a Model of How People ThinkLinear Model of Information ProcessingMetacognitionOther Models of Information ProcessingA Generative Model of LearningCognitive StylesNew Directions of ResearchControversial IssuesLearning and Thinking: More Than Just Memory5 Culture and LanguageCultureLanguage6 Knowledge and ComprehensionTypes of KnowledgeComprehension7 Problem Solving, Decision Making, and Critical ThinkingHigher-Order Thinking SkillsProblem SolvingDecision MakingCritical ThinkingThinking Skills ProgramsAn Alternative View of Higher-Order Thinking Part III: Learner Characteristics8 Intelligence and CreativityIntelligenceCreativity9 Social and Emotional DevelopmentPersonality: Where Does it Come From? Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial DevelopmentSocial CognitionMoral DevelopmentSelf-ConceptPatterns of ParentingInteraction with PeersStudents at RiskPrejudice and Discrimination10 MotivationThe Nature of MotivationFactors Related to Motivational LevelTheories of MotivationTeacher MotivationClassroom Environment and Motivation11 Learning Difficulties: The Special StudentLearning DisabilitiesMental RetardationEmotional DisturbanceSensory and Physical DisabilitiesWhat is a Disability?Special EducationLegal Rights of Special StudentsReferral for Special Education PlacementMainstreaming and InclusionLow Achievers Part IV: Shaping the Learning Environment12 Planning for InstructionApproaches to PlanningModels of PlanningHow Teachers PlanSelecting an Approach to PlanningPlanning Good QuestionsPlanning Instructional StrategiesPlanning and Implementation13 Student Assessment and EvaluationMeasurement, Assessment, and EvaluationThe Roles of Tests in Educational Measurement and AssessmentProperties of Tests and Measuring InstrumentsStandardized TestsThe Normal DistributionStandard ScoresNorm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced TestsThe Role of Evaluation in Classroom InstructionCommercially Available TestsConstructing Your Own TestsBias in TestingPerformance-Based Assessment14 Classroom ManagementEstablishing and Maintaining a Positive Classroom EnvironmentBehavior ModificationBehavior Management from a Cognitive PerspectiveThe Classroom as a Model of a Democratic Society15 How to Teach EffectivelyThinking about TeachingMany Individuals, One ClassThe Teaching "Act"Teacher-Centered or Student-Centered InstructionModels of TeachingTeaching Strategies and Cognitive DevelopmentFostering Student Independence and InvolvementAdapting Teaching for Different Learners Part V: Additional Menu Chapters16 Informal Assessment and EvaluationConstructing Your Own TestsPlanning: The First Step in Test ConstructionKinds of Teacher-Made TestsItem AnalysisBias in Scoring TestsPerformance-Based Assessment17 Principles of Measurement, Assessment, and EvaluationMeasurement, Assessment, and EvaluationThe Role of Tests in Educational Measurement and AssessmentProperties of Tests and Measuring InstrumentsStandardized TestsThe Normal DistributionStandard ScoresNorm-Referenced and Criterion-Referenced TestsThe Role of Evaluation in Classroom InstructionCommercially Available TestsBias in Testing18 Educational TechnologyThe Promise of Technology in EducationTechnology for Education: A MenuEducational Technology and School LearningIntegrating Technology in InstructionFuture Directions of Educational Technology19 Language, Literacy, and CommunicationPsychological Aspects of Language AcquisitionThe Components of LanguageTheoretical Approaches to Language AcquisitionStages of Language AcquisitionLanguage and ThoughtWords and IdeasLanguage and LiteracyLanguage and Communication20 Culture and SchoolingCultureAffirming Diversity: What Do Teachers Need to Know About Their Own Viewpoints About Cultural Difference?21 Keeping Abreast of the FieldEducational Resources Information Center (ERIC)How to Search CIJE and RIE ManuallyHow to Search CIJE and RIE by ComputerThe Nature of ResearchThe Impact of Research Findings on Educational Practice