Scale-Sensitive Governance of the Environment

List of Contributors x Foreword xiii Preface xv List of Abbreviations xx 1 Concepts of scale 1 Frans Padt and Bas Arts 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions of scale 2 1.3 Scale-sensitive governance of ... what? 4 1.4 Scale as a reality ... or not? 8 1.5 The politics of scale 11 1.6 Acknowledgements 13 2 Incorporating multiple ecological scales into the governance of landscape services 17 Paul Opdam 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 The social-ecological system at the local scale 19 2.3 Ecological scales and local social-ecological systems 22 2.4 Incorporating the ecological scale hierarchy into social-ecological system decision-making 25 2.5 Discussion and conclusions 30 2.6 Acknowledgements 33 3 Scale-sensitivity as a governance capability: Observing, acting and enabling 38 Catrien Termeer and Art Dewulf 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Scales in monocentric governance 39 3.3 Scales in multilevel governance 42 3.4 Scales in adaptive governance 44 3.5 The contours of scale-sensitivity as a governance capability 47 3.6 Conclusion 51 4 Knowledge of competing claims on natural resources: Toward institutional design and integrative negotiations 56 Nico Polman, Arianne de Blaeij and Maja Slingerland 4.1 Introduction 56 4.2 Competing claims approach on natural resources 57 4.3 Types of knowledge in competing claims approaches 61 4.4 Distributive approaches toward competing claims negotiations 65 4.5 Integrative approaches to negotiations on competing claims 66 4.6 Conclusions 69 4.7 Acknowledgements 70 5 The relevance of scale to water governance: An example from Loweswater, UK 73 Lisa Norton, Stephen Maberly, Claire Waterton, Nigel Watson and Judith Tsouvalis 5.1 Introduction 73 5.2 Loweswater 74 5.3 The Loweswater Care Project (LCP) 79 5.4 The importance of scale at Loweswater 82 5.5 Conclusions 85 6 Multiple-level governance is needed in the social-ecological system of alpine cultural landscapes 90 Rocco Scolozzi, Ian D Soane and Alessandro Gretter 6.1 Introduction 90 6.2 The concepts of SES, resilience and panarchy in the context of a cultural landscape 92 6.3 A mixed method approach 93 6.4 The cultural landscape of the Ledro Valley: Internal dynamics leading to unplanned futures 94 6.5 Discussion and conclusion 101 6.6 Acknowledgements 103 7 Beyond localism: The spatial scale and scaling in energy transitions 106 Philipp Spath and Harald Rohracher 7.1 Introduction 106 7.2 Creating space for the spatial scale and scaling in conceptualizations of sustainability transitions 107 7.3 The governance of sustainability transitions and its spatial dimensions: Two case studies reconsidered 110 7.4 Learning from the cases: Can place-bound particularities and scaling influence sustainability transitions? 115 7.5 Conclusions and outlook 118 7.6 Acknowledgements 119 8 Tracing drivers of global environmental change along the governance scale: Methodological challenges and possibilities 122 Sylvia I Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen 8.1 What makes environmental issues global? 122 8.2 Methodological challenges in a multilevel analysis 124 8.3 Multilevel analysis of drivers for pesticide problems 127 8.4 Multilevel drivers for the pesticide problem 131 8.5 Multilevel drivers for multiple problems 134 8.6 Concluding reflections on the multilevel analysis of drivers 135 9 'Glocal' politics of scale on environmental issues: Climate change, water and forests 140 Joyeeta Gupta 9.1 Introduction 140 9.2 A theoretical framework 141 9.3 Case studies 142 9.4 Comparative analysis 148 9.5 Conclusions 152 9.6 Acknowledgements 153 10 The politics of cross-level interactions in the jurisdictional scale: The case of natural resource management in the South 157 Daniel Compagnon 10.1 Introduction 157 10.2 Scaling up and scaling down: Some clarifications 158 10.3 Re-assessing the state in the South 160 10.4 The state and the rescaling processes 161 10.5 Conclusion 166 11 Rescaling environmental governance: The case of watersheds as scale-sensitive governance? 172 Alice Cohen 11.1 Introduction 172 11.2 Watersheds as rescaling 173 11.3 Understanding the implications of rescaling 177 11.4 Conclusions: Watersheds as everything to everyone? 181 11.5 Acknowledgements 183 12 Urban sustainability pilot projects: Fit or misfit between challenge and solution? 188 Sofie Bouteligier 12.1 Introduction 188 12.2 Scaling urban environmental governance 190 12.3 How pilot projects inspire sustainability transitions 191 12.4 Urban pilot projects: The way forward? 196 12.5 Conclusion 197 13 Tensions between global-scale and national-scale governance: The strategic use of scale frames to promote sustainable palm oil production in Indonesia 203 Otto Hospes and Annemoon Kentin 13.1 Introduction 203 13.2 Scale and scale frames 204 13.3 Do national principles for sustainable palm oil specify or challenge global principles? 207 13.4 The interactive development and strategic use of scale frames 209 13.5 Conclusions 214 13.6 Acknowledgements 217 14 Rethinking governance of complex commodity systems: Evidence from the Nepali tea value chain 220 Sarah Mohan 14.1 Introduction 220 14.2 Conceptualizing scale in commodity systems 221 14.3 Case study: Mismatches in the Nepali tea heterarchy 226 14.4 Insights into scale in private economic governance 234 14.5 Conclusions 238 14.6 Acknowledgements 238 15 An approach to analysing scale-sensitivity and scale-effectiveness of governance in biodiversity conservation 241 Eeva Primmer, Riikka Paloniemi, Raphael Mathevet, Evangelia Apostolopoulou, Joseph Tzanopoulos, Irene Ring, Marianne Kettunen, Jukka Simila, Joanna Cent, Magorzata Grodzinska-Jurczak, Thomas Koellner, Paula Antunes, John D Pantis, Simon G Potts and Rui Santos 15.1 Introduction 241 15.2 Scales and biodiversity conservation 243 15.3 Governance mechanisms 244 15.4 Scales and real-world biodiversity governance in Europe 247 15.5 Discussion: Governance mechanisms generating scale-sensitivity and scale-effectiveness 252 15.6 Conclusions 256 15.7 Acknowledgements 257 16 Scale-sensitive evaluation: The contribution of the EU Rural Development Programme to European water quality ambitions 263 Stijn Reinhard, Vincent Linderhof and Nico Polman 16.1 Introduction 263 16.2 Changing governance in rural development programmes 265 16.3 Evaluation of the Rural Development Programme 267 16.4 Case study at the member state level 273 16.5 Conclusions and challenges 278 16.6 Acknowledgements 279 17 Green infrastructure planning at multiple levels of scale: Experiences from the Autonomous Region of Valencia, Spain 283 Arancha Munoz-Criado and Vicente Domenech 17.1 Introduction 283 17.2 The former planning model: Lack of coordination between levels of government in the Region of Valencia 284 17.3 A new framework for integrating urban planning, strategic environmental assessment and landscape planning, based on a multilevel Green Infrastructure 286 17.4 Developing Green Infrastructure at different scales: Examples of plans and projects 294 17.5 Conclusion: Benefits of Green Infrastructure as the structuring element for planning at all scales 299 18 Synthesis and perspectives for a new research field 302 Frans Padt, Paul Opdam, Nico Polman and Catrien Termeer 18.1 Introduction 302 18.2 A brief summary of the main insights 302 18.3 Conceptual model 306 18.4 Scale-sensitive governance in practice 307 18.5 Perspectives for a new research field 315 References 316 Index 318 Color plates between pages 170 and 171