Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles in Open Electricity Markets

Preface xiii

1 Electrification of Vehicles: Policy Drivers and Impacts in Two Scenarios 1
M. Albrecht, M. Nilsson and J. Åkerman

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Policy Drivers, Policies and Targets 2

1.3 Scenarios and Environmental Impact Assessment 11

1.4 Future Policy Drivers for a BEV and PHEV Breakthrough 16

1.5 Results and Conclusion 24

Acknowledgements 25

References 25

2 EVs and the Current Nordic Electricity Market 32
C. Bang, C. Hay, M. Togeby and C. Søndergren

2.1 Chapter Overview 32

2.2 Electricity Consumption by EVs 33

2.3 Market Actors 37

2.4 Nordic Electricity Markets 39

2.5 Electricity Price 44

2.6 Electricity Sales Products for Demand Response 46

2.7 EVs in Different Markets 48

References 53

3 Electric Vehicles in Future Market Models 54
C. Søndergren, C. Bang, C. Hay and M. Togeby

3.1 Introduction 54

3.2 Overview 54

3.3 Alternative Markets for Regulating Power and Reserves for EV Integration 56

3.4 Alternative Market Models for EV Integration 66

3.5 Management of Congestions in the Distribution Grid 69

References 81

4 Investments and Operation in an Integrated Power and Transport System 82
Nina Juul and Trine Krogh Boomsma

4.1 Introduction 82

4.2 The Road Transport System 83

4.3 The Energy Systems Analysis Model, Balmorel 84

4.4 Modelling of Electric Drive Vehicles 85

4.5 Case Study 96

4.6 Scenarios 101

4.7 Results 101

4.8 Results from EDVs Contributing to Capacity Credit Equation 108

4.9 Discussion and Conclusion 110

4.10 Summary 111

References 111

5 Optimal Charging of Electric Drive Vehicles: A Dynamic Programming Approach 113
Stefanos Delikaraoglou, Trine Krogh Boomsma and Nina Juul

5.1 Introduction 113

5.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 115

5.3 Optimal Charging on Market Conditions 115

5.4 Dynamic Programming 117

5.5 Fleet Operation 118

5.6 Electricity Prices 119

5.7 Driving Patterns 120

5.8 A Danish Case Study 121

5.9 Optimal Charging Patterns 122

5.10 Discussion and Conclusion 127

Acknowledgments 128

References 128

6 EV Portfolio Management 129
Lars Henrik Hansen, Jakob Munch Jensen and Andreas Bjerre

6.1 Introduction 129

6.2 EV Fleet Modelling and Charging Strategies 130

6.3 Case Studies of EV Fleet Management 140

References 152

7 Analysis of Regulating Power from EVs 153
Qiuwei Wu, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Jacob Østergaard and Yi Ding

7.1 Introduction 153

7.2 Driving Pattern Analysis for EV Grid Integration 154

7.3 Spot-Price-Based EV Charging Schedule 158

7.4 Analysis of Regulating Power from EVs 165

7.5 Summary 176

References 176

8 Frequency-Control Reserves and Voltage Support from Electric Vehicles 178
Jayakrishnan R. Pillai and Birgitte Bak-Jensen

8.1 Introduction 178

8.2 Power System Ancillary Services 179

8.3 Electric Vehicles to Support Wind Power Integration 179

8.4 Electric Vehicles as Frequency-Control Reserves 181

8.5 Voltage Support and Electric Vehicle Integration Trends in Power Systems 189

8.6 Summary 189

Acknowledgements 190

References 190

9 Operation and Degradation Aspects of EV Batteries 192
Claus Nygaard Rasmussen, Søren Højgaard Jensen and Guang Ya Yang

9.1 Introduction 192

9.2 Battery Modelling and Validation Techniques 193

9.3 Thermal Effects and Degradation of EV Batteries 209

9.4 Electric EC Model 221

References 231

10 Day-Ahead Grid Tariffs for Congestion Management from EVs 233
Niamh O'Connell, Qiuwei Wu and Jacob Østergaard

10.1 Introduction 233

10.2 Dynamic Tariff Concept 238

10.3 Case Studies 246

10.4 Conclusions 256

References 257

11 Impact Study of EV Integration on Distribution Networks 259
Qiuwei Wu, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Jacob Østergaard and Yi Ding

11.1 Introduction 259

11.2 Impact Study Methodology and Scenarios 260

11.3 Bornholm Power System 263

11.4 Conventional Demand Profile Modeling 268

11.5 Impact Study on 0.4 kV Grid 270

11.6 Impact Study on 10 kV Grid 276

11.7 Impact Study on 60 kV Grid 280

11.8 Conclusions 284

References 285

Index