Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles in Open Electricity Markets

Contributors xi Preface xiii 1 Electrification of Vehicles: Policy Drivers and Impacts in Two Scenarios 1 M. Albrecht, M. Nilsson and J. Åkerman 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Policy Drivers, Policies and Targets 2 1.3 Scenarios and Environmental Impact Assessment 11 1.4 Future Policy Drivers for a BEV and PHEV Breakthrough 16 1.5 Results and Conclusion 24 Acknowledgements 25 References 25 2 EVs and the Current Nordic Electricity Market 32 C. Bang, C. Hay, M. Togeby and C. Søndergren 2.1 Chapter Overview 32 2.2 Electricity Consumption by EVs 33 2.3 Market Actors 37 2.4 Nordic Electricity Markets 39 2.5 Electricity Price 44 2.6 Electricity Sales Products for Demand Response 46 2.7 EVs in Different Markets 48 References 53 3 Electric Vehicles in Future Market Models 54 C. Søndergren, C. Bang, C. Hay and M. Togeby 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Overview 54 3.3 Alternative Markets for Regulating Power and Reserves for EV Integration 56 3.4 Alternative Market Models for EV Integration 66 3.5 Management of Congestions in the Distribution Grid 69 References 81 4 Investments and Operation in an Integrated Power and Transport System 82 Nina Juul and Trine Krogh Boomsma 4.1 Introduction 82 4.2 The Road Transport System 83 4.3 The Energy Systems Analysis Model, Balmorel 84 4.4 Modelling of Electric Drive Vehicles 85 4.5 Case Study 96 4.6 Scenarios 101 4.7 Results 101 4.8 Results from EDVs Contributing to Capacity Credit Equation 108 4.9 Discussion and Conclusion 110 4.10 Summary 111 References 111 5 Optimal Charging of Electric Drive Vehicles: A Dynamic Programming Approach 113 Stefanos Delikaraoglou, Trine Krogh Boomsma and Nina Juul 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 115 5.3 Optimal Charging on Market Conditions 115 5.4 Dynamic Programming 117 5.5 Fleet Operation 118 5.6 Electricity Prices 119 5.7 Driving Patterns 120 5.8 A Danish Case Study 121 5.9 Optimal Charging Patterns 122 5.10 Discussion and Conclusion 127 Acknowledgments 128 References 128 6 EV Portfolio Management 129 Lars Henrik Hansen, Jakob Munch Jensen and Andreas Bjerre 6.1 Introduction 129 6.2 EV Fleet Modelling and Charging Strategies 130 6.3 Case Studies of EV Fleet Management 140 References 152 7 Analysis of Regulating Power from EVs 153 Qiuwei Wu, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Jacob Østergaard and Yi Ding 7.1 Introduction 153 7.2 Driving Pattern Analysis for EV Grid Integration 154 7.3 Spot-Price-Based EV Charging Schedule 158 7.4 Analysis of Regulating Power from EVs 165 7.5 Summary 176 References 176 8 Frequency-Control Reserves and Voltage Support from Electric Vehicles 178 Jayakrishnan R. Pillai and Birgitte Bak-Jensen 8.1 Introduction 178 8.2 Power System Ancillary Services 179 8.3 Electric Vehicles to Support Wind Power Integration 179 8.4 Electric Vehicles as Frequency-Control Reserves 181 8.5 Voltage Support and Electric Vehicle Integration Trends in Power Systems 189 8.6 Summary 189 Acknowledgements 190 References 190 9 Operation and Degradation Aspects of EV Batteries 192 Claus Nygaard Rasmussen, Søren Højgaard Jensen and Guang Ya Yang 9.1 Introduction 192 9.2 Battery Modelling and Validation Techniques 193 9.3 Thermal Effects and Degradation of EV Batteries 209 9.4 Electric EC Model 221 References 231 10 Day-Ahead Grid Tariffs for Congestion Management from EVs 233 Niamh O'Connell, Qiuwei Wu and Jacob Østergaard 10.1 Introduction 233 10.2 Dynamic Tariff Concept 238 10.3 Case Studies 246 10.4 Conclusions 256 References 257 11 Impact Study of EV Integration on Distribution Networks 259 Qiuwei Wu, Arne Hejde Nielsen, Jacob Østergaard and Yi Ding 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Impact Study Methodology and Scenarios 260 11.3 Bornholm Power System 263 11.4 Conventional Demand Profile Modeling 268 11.5 Impact Study on 0.4 kV Grid 270 11.6 Impact Study on 10 kV Grid 276 11.7 Impact Study on 60 kV Grid 280 11.8 Conclusions 284 References 285 Index