Appreciative Inquiry
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CHAPTER 1: The Case for a New Approach to Change 1
The Emerging Paradigm 9
The New Sciences 12
Thinking About Problems Using the New Paradigm 16
CHAPTER 2: Appreciative Inquiry: History, Theory, and Practice 21
Defining Appreciative Inquiry 22
A History of Appreciative Inquiry 23
AI and the Field of Organization Development 31
The Relevance of AI to Complex, Transformative Change 33
AI and the Challenge of Organization Transformation 34
Complex Change and the Two Gifts of Appreciative Inquiry 36
The Theoretical Basis for Appreciative Inquiry 38
Social Constructionism 38
The Power of Image 42
Social Constructionism + The Power of Image = Appreciative Inquiry in Organization Change 47
What Good Are Positive Emotions? 48
Case Story: Living Well with Dementia: Creating a Regional Strategy for the East Midlands, by Julie Barnes and Jill Guild 50
CHAPTER 3: Appreciative Inquiry as a Perspective for Organization Change 67
The "DNA" of Appreciative Inquiry 68
The Core Principles of AI 71
Are Principles Important? 71
The Five Original Principles Plus Wholeness 72
The Five Generic Core Processes for Guiding AI-Based Change 82
Multiple Models of the Five Generic Core Processes of AI 83
The Original Cooperrider/Srivastva Model 83
The GEM Initiative Four-D Model 85
A Fifth D 86
The Mohr/Jacobsgaard Four "I" Model 89
Skills and Knowledge Needed to Lead AI Processes 92
Case Story: Using the SOAR Framework at Aerospace Alliant International (AAI), by Jacqueline M. Stavros 99
Case Story: The Results of Appreciative Management by a Corporate Manager, by Daniel Saint 108
CHAPTER 4: Choose the Positive as the Focus of Inquiry (Defi ne) 111
Define: Focusing on the Positive 111
Raising the Choice Point 113
Explaining and Demonstrating 116
Identifying the Focus for Inquiry 121
Case Story: AI Stories from a Training and Technical Assistance Center (T/TAC): New Possibilities for Improving Outcomes for Students with Disabilities, by Denyse Doerries, Donni Davis-Perry, and Lori Korinek 129
Case Story: From Defi cits to Strengths: Six Sigma from the AI Perspective, by David Shaked 139
CHAPTER 5: Inquire into Stories of What Gives Life in the System (Discover) 145
Rationale for the Use of Stories 146
A Preparation Workshop to Develop the Customized Interview Protocol and Decide on an Inquiry Process 148
Step 1: Select a Core Group and Possibly a Steering Team 150
Step 2: Orient Participants to the Goals of the Workshop and to Their Role in Meeting the Goals 151
Step 3: Quickly Get Participants into an Experience of AI 154
Step 4: Debrief the Mini-AI Experience 157
Step 5: Share Highlights of the Interviews and Select Topics for Further Inquiry 157
Step 6: Create Questions to Be Added to the Four Generic Questions 160
Step 7: Develop the Inquiry Process 166
Interviewer Training 171
Conclusion 173
Case Story: Appreciative Living: Using AI in Daily Life, by Jacqueline Kelm 175
Case Story: Appreciative Life Coaching, by Bob Tschannen-Moran 184
CHAPTER 6: Locate Themes That Appear in the Stories (Discover) 191
Identifying Themes 193
Example of the Themes 193
A Process for Selecting Themes 198
Expanding the Dialogue 201
Case Story: Appreciative Inquiry at Los Angeles Universal Preschool (LAUP): The LAUP/UDEM Dream Team, by Terri Egan, Nancy Westrup Villarreal, and Daphne Deporres 203
CHAPTER 7: Create Shared Images for a Preferred Future (Dream) 213
Articulating the Dream of an Organization's Future 214
Examples of Ways to Facilitate Creation of Shared Images 217
Provocative Propositions 218
Case Story: Advancing the Safety and Quality of Care in the Emergency Department Over Time: A Story with Three Acts, by Nancy Shendell-Falik, Amy Doran, and Bernard J. Mohr 223
Case Story: Appreciative Inquiry with a Search Committee, by Liz Workman 234
CHAPTER 8: Innovate Ways to Create That Preferred Future (Deliver) 237
Organization Design Processes 241
The Individual Action Approach 241
The Whole System Design Approach 242
A Design Framework: The ABC Model 242
Assumptions of the Organization Inquiry Model 244
How to Use the Organization Inquiry Model 247
Case Story: Building Momentum for Sustainable Changes in Education: Toronto District School Board, by Sue Derby, Maureen McKenna, Karen Leckie, and Nancy Nightingale 259
Case Story: Introducing Appreciative Inquiry into a Community Network Project in Liverpool, England, by Tim Slack and Phil Taylor 266
CHAPTER 9: Valuation 275
Classical Evaluation 275
Evaluation from Appreciative Inquiry Perspective 276
Learnings, Innovations, and Reaffi rmations from This Case 279
Evaluation as an Integral Part of Any AI Process 281
Case Story: Valuation of the Effectiveness of AI for the Zambia Police Services Victim Support Unit, by Mette Jacobsgaard 283
References and Bibliography 295
About the Authors 301
Index 307
