An Introduction to the Optical Spectroscopy of Inorganic Solids

PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. SOME PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF INTEREST IN SPECTROSCOPY. I FUNDAMENTALS. I.1 Origin of the Spectroscopy. I.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum. Optical Spectroscopy. I.3 Absorption. The Spectrophotometer. I.4 Luminescence. The Spectrofluorimeter. Time resolvedluminescence. I.5 Scattering. The Raman effect. I.6 Advanced topic: The Fourier Transform Spectrophotometer. Exercises. II LIGHT SOURCES. II.1 Introduction. II.2 Lamps. II.3 The Laser. Basic principles. II.4 Types of Lasers. II.5 Tunability of laser radiation. The Optical ParametricOscillator. II.6 Advanced Topic:1) Site Selective Spectroscopy. 2) ExcitedState Absorption. Exercises. III MONOCHROMATORS AND DETECTORS. III.1 Introduction. III.2 Monochromators. III.3 Types of detectors. Basic parameters. III.4 The Photomultiplier. III.5 Signal/noise ratio optimisation. III.6 Detection of pulses. III.7 Advanced Topic: Detection of very fast pulses; The StreakCamera; The Correlator. Exercises. IV. OPTICAL TRANSPARENCY OF SOLIDS. IV.1 Introduction. IV.2 Optical magnitudes and the dielectric constant. IV.3The Lorentz oscillator. IV.4 Metals. IV.5 Semiconductors and insulators. IV.6 Spectral shape of the fundamental absorption edge. IV.7 Excitons. IV.8 Advanced topic: The colour of metals. Exercises. V. OPTICALLY ACTIVE CENTRES. V.1 Introduction. V.2 Static interaction. The crystalline field. V.3 Band intensities. The oscillator strength. V.4 Dynamic interaction. The coordinate configurationdiagram. V.5 Band shape. The Huang-Rhys factor. V.6 Non radiative transitions. Energy transfer. V.7 Advanced topic: Determination of quantum efficiencies. Exercises. VI. APPLICATIONS: RARE EARTH AND TRANSITION METAL IONS, COLOURCENTERS. VI.1 Introduction. VI.2 Trivalent rare earth ions. Diagram of Dieke. VI.3 Non radiative transitions in rare earth ions; The "energygap" law. VI.4 Transition metal ions. Tanabe- Sugano diagrams. VI.5 Colour centres. VI.6 Advanced topic: 1) The Judd and Ofelt method. 2) Opticalcooling of solids. Exercises. VII. GROUP THEORY AND SPECTROSCOPY. VII.1 Introduction. VII.2 Symmetry operations and classes. VII.3 Representations. The character table. VII.4 Reduction in symmetry and splitting of energy levels. VII.5 Selection rules for optical transitions. VII.6 Illustrative examples. VII.7 Advanced topic: Applications to optical transitions ofKramers ions. Exercises. APPENDICES. APPENDIX A1.- The joint density of states. APPENDIX A2.- Effect of an octahedral field on a valenceelectron d¯1. APPENDIX A3.- Calculation of the spontaneous emissionprobability by the Einstein thermodynamic treatment. APPENDIX A4.- Determination of the Smakula´s formula. INDEX.