Ethical Dilemmas in Assisted Reproductive Technologies

1 - Contents [Seite 6]
2 - Preface [Seite 18]
3 - Author index [Seite 22]
4 - 1 The foundations and application of medical ethics [Seite 26]
4.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 26]
4.2 - 1.2 Historical background [Seite 26]
4.3 - 1.3 General ethical theories and principles [Seite 27]
4.4 - 1.4 Modern medical ethics [Seite 33]
4.5 - 1.5 Conclusion [Seite 38]
5 - 2 Legislation for assisted reproductive technologies [Seite 40]
5.1 - 2.1 Introduction [Seite 40]
5.2 - 2.2 Legislation and regulations [Seite 41]
5.3 - 2.3 Legislative motivations [Seite 43]
5.4 - 2.4 Evidence-based legal policy [Seite 45]
5.5 - 2.5 The focus of legislation [Seite 47]
5.6 - 2.6 Human rights [Seite 50]
6 - 3 Reproductive rights as an integral part of women's rights [Seite 54]
6.1 - 3.1 Introduction [Seite 54]
6.2 - 3.2 Granting women equal rights: the origin of discrimination [Seite 55]
6.2.1 - 3.2.1 Cornerstones of women's rights [Seite 57]
6.2.1.1 - 3.2.1.1 Dignity, body integrity, and freedom from violence [Seite 57]
6.2.1.2 - 3.2.1.2 Equality and empowerment [Seite 59]
6.2.1.3 - 3.2.1.3 Full, unconditional access to health care services [Seite 60]
6.2.2 - 3.2.2 A right to treat infertility [Seite 61]
7 - 4 Right to reproduce [Seite 68]
7.1 - 4.1 Socioeconomic issues [Seite 68]
7.2 - 4.2 Religious issues [Seite 70]
7.3 - 4.3 Legal and historical aspects [Seite 70]
7.4 - 4.4 Moral aspects [Seite 73]
7.5 - 4.5 ART-related aspects [Seite 74]
8 - 5 Informed consent for treatment of fertility [Seite 78]
8.1 - 5.1 Introduction [Seite 78]
8.2 - 5.2 The right to experience parenthood and its standing [Seite 79]
8.3 - 5.3 The informed-consent doctrine [Seite 80]
8.3.1 - 5.3.1 The doctrine and its nature [Seite 80]
8.3.2 - 5.3.2 Application of the doctrine to fertility treatments [Seite 80]
8.4 - 5.4 Mutual consent of spouses [Seite 81]
8.4.1 - 5.4.1 Joint process [Seite 81]
8.4.2 - 5.4.2 The good of the child and consideration of parental capability [Seite 82]
8.5 - 5.5 Validity of the consent [Seite 83]
8.5.1 - 5.5.1 Effect of the initial consent [Seite 83]
8.5.2 - 5.5.2 Withdrawal of patient consent [Seite 84]
8.5.3 - 5.5.3 Physician's withdrawal of consent [Seite 84]
8.5.4 - 5.5.4 Consent after death [Seite 85]
8.6 - 5.5 Conclusion [Seite 85]
9 - 6 Specific ethical and legal aspects of ART practice in eastern European countries [Seite 88]
9.1 - 6.1 Introduction [Seite 88]
9.2 - 6.2 Situation in eastern European countries [Seite 88]
9.2.1 - 6.2.1 Number of centers [Seite 88]
9.2.2 - 6.2.2 Legal regulation of ART [Seite 89]
9.2.3 - 6.2.3 Coverage or reimbursement of ART [Seite 90]
9.2.4 - 6.2.4 Marital status in ART [Seite 91]
9.2.5 - 6.2.5 The number of transferred embryos in ART [Seite 92]
9.2.6 - 6.2.6 Cryopreservation [Seite 93]
9.2.7 - 6.2.7 Posthumous ART [Seite 95]
9.2.8 - 6.2.8 Gamete donation [Seite 96]
9.2.9 - 6.2.9 Anonymity [Seite 97]
9.2.10 - 6.2.10 Micromanipulation [Seite 98]
9.2.11 - 6.2.11 In vitro maturation of oocytes [Seite 99]
9.2.12 - 6.2.12 Welfare of the child [Seite 100]
9.2.13 - 6.2.13 Multifetal-pregnancy reduction [Seite 101]
9.2.14 - 6.2.14 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis [Seite 102]
9.2.15 - 6.2.15 Surrogacy [Seite 103]
9.2.16 - 6.2.16 Research on the embryo [Seite 104]
9.2.17 - 6.2.18 Gamete intrafallopian transfer [Seite 106]
9.2.18 - 6.2.19 The moral status of the embryo [Seite 106]
9.3 - 6.3 Conclusions [Seite 107]
10 - 7 Sperm donation and sperm-bank management [Seite 112]
10.1 - 7.1 Introduction [Seite 112]
10.2 - 7.2 Limiting the number of donor offspring [Seite 113]
10.2.1 - 7.2.1 United States [Seite 113]
10.2.2 - 7.2.2 United Kingdom [Seite 113]
10.3 - 7.3 Minimizing the risk of infection and genetic complications from sperm donors [Seite 114]
10.4 - 7.4 Age requirements for sperm donors [Seite 114]
10.5 - 7.5 Anonymity versus nonanonymity of sperm donors [Seite 115]
10.5.1 - 7.5.1 Anonymous sperm donation [Seite 115]
10.5.2 - 7.5.2 Nonanonymous sperm donation [Seite 116]
10.6 - 7.6 Sperm-donor compensation [Seite 117]
10.7 - 7.7 Informed consent and counseling [Seite 118]
10.8 - 7.8 Conclusions [Seite 118]
11 - 8 Oocyte donation: medical and legal perspectives [Seite 120]
11.1 - 8.1 Introduction: Indications for egg donation [Seite 120]
11.2 - 8.2 Preparation of donor and recipient [Seite 121]
11.3 - 8.3 Outcome determining factors [Seite 123]
11.4 - 8.4 Obstetric and perinatal outcomes [Seite 123]
11.5 - 8.5 Ethical aspects [Seite 124]
11.6 - 8.6 Legislation [Seite 126]
11.6.1 - 8.6.1 The new Israeli legislation [Seite 129]
11.7 - 8.7 Summary [Seite 132]
12 - 9 Egg donation: ethical considerations and regulatory context [Seite 136]
12.1 - 9.1 Introduction [Seite 136]
12.2 - 9.2 The regulatory context [Seite 136]
12.3 - 9.3 Donating eggs [Seite 137]
12.3.1 - 9.3.1 Informed consent [Seite 137]
12.3.2 - 9.3.2 Meeting demand: remuneration and other programs [Seite 138]
12.3.2.1 - 9.3.2.1 Financial compensation [Seite 138]
12.3.2.2 - 9.3.2.2 Egg-sharing programs [Seite 139]
12.3.3 - 9.3.3 Other obligations [Seite 140]
12.4 - 9.4 Use of donated eggs [Seite 140]
12.4.1 - 9.4.1 Informed consent [Seite 140]
12.4.2 - 9.4.2 Nontraditional patients and access to donated eggs [Seite 140]
12.4.3 - 9.4.3 Age [Seite 141]
12.5 - 9.5 Donor identity and disclosure [Seite 141]
12.6 - 9.6 Conclusions [Seite 143]
13 - 10 Medical, ethical, and legal aspects of fetal reduction [Seite 146]
13.1 - 10.1 History [Seite 146]
13.2 - 10.2 Ethical issues [Seite 148]
13.2.1 - 10.2.1 Moral compromise [Seite 152]
13.3 - 10.3 Legal issues [Seite 153]
13.3.1 - 10.3.1 Recommendations [Seite 153]
13.4 - 10.4 Summary [Seite 154]
13.5 - 10.5 Acknowledgments [Seite 154]
14 - 11 Fertility treatments in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients [Seite 156]
14.1 - 11.1 Introduction [Seite 156]
14.2 - 11.2 HIV and the male genital tract [Seite 157]
14.3 - 11.3 HIV and the female genital tract [Seite 158]
14.4 - 11.4 Assisted reproductive technologies in HIV-positive patients [Seite 158]
14.5 - 11.5 Semen processing [Seite 159]
14.6 - 11.6 Viral testing of spermatozoa [Seite 160]
14.7 - 11.7 Success rates [Seite 160]
14.8 - 11.8 Summary [Seite 160]
15 - 12 Pregnancies in perimenopause and beyond [Seite 164]
15.1 - 12.1 Medical aspects and considerations [Seite 164]
15.1.1 - 12.1.1 Fertility fecundity and abortions [Seite 164]
15.1.2 - 12.1.2 Pregnancy-associated physiological changes [Seite 165]
15.1.3 - 12.1.3 Obstetrical and intrapartum complications [Seite 165]
15.1.4 - 12.1.4 Maternal mortality [Seite 166]
15.1.5 - 12.1.5 Neonatal outcome [Seite 166]
15.2 - 12.2 Oocyte-donation programs [Seite 166]
15.3 - 12.3 Ethical aspects [Seite 167]
15.3.1 - 12.3.1 The issue of choice [Seite 167]
15.3.2 - 12.3.2 The welfare of the child [Seite 168]
15.4 - 12.4 Coping with the medical risks [Seite 168]
15.5 - 12.5 Legislation, regulation, and religion aspects [Seite 169]
15.6 - 12.6 Summary [Seite 170]
16 - 13 Legal control of surrogacy - international perspectives [Seite 174]
16.1 - 13.1 Introduction [Seite 174]
16.2 - 13.2 Surrogacy - definition [Seite 174]
16.3 - 13.3 Surrogacy - history [Seite 174]
16.4 - 13.4 Legal control of surrogacy - international perspectives [Seite 175]
16.4.1 - 13.4.1 Prohibition of Surrogacy by legislation [Seite 175]
16.4.2 - 13.4.2 Counties - surrogacy no prohibited by law [Seite 176]
16.4.3 - 13.4.3 Surrogacy in China [Seite 177]
16.4.4 - 13.4.4 Non commercial surrogacy [Seite 177]
16.4.5 - 13.4.5 Greece Law [Seite 177]
16.4.6 - 13.4.6 South Africa [Seite 178]
16.5 - 13.5 Commercial surrogacy [Seite 178]
16.5.1 - 13.5.1 Former Countries of the Soviet Union [Seite 178]
16.5.2 - 13.5.2 India [Seite 179]
16.5.3 - 13.5.3 Surrogacy in USA [Seite 179]
16.5.4 - 13.5.4 Surrogacy in Russia [Seite 180]
16.6 - 13.6 Russian Public Opinion [Seite 183]
16.7 - 13.7 Surrogacy in Islamic Countries [Seite 183]
16.8 - 13.8 Cross-border Surrogacy [Seite 184]
16.9 - 13.9 Conclusions [Seite 186]
17 - 14 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis in assisted reproduction: medical, ethical, and legal aspects [Seite 190]
17.1 - 14.1 Introduction [Seite 190]
17.2 - 14.2 Biopsy methods for preimplantation genetic diagnosis [Seite 191]
17.2.1 - 14.2.1 Polar-body biopsy [Seite 191]
17.2.2 - 14.2.2 Embryo biopsy [Seite 192]
17.3 - 14.3 Chromosomal aneuploidies in preimplantation development [Seite 192]
17.4 - 14.4 Chromosomal rearrangements [Seite 194]
17.5 - 14.5 Impact of PGD on IVF outcome [Seite 195]
17.6 - 14.6 Conclusion [Seite 197]
18 - 15 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of late-onset diseases [Seite 200]
18.1 - 15.1 Introduction [Seite 200]
18.2 - 15.2 Embryo selection [Seite 202]
18.3 - 15.3 Huntington's disease [Seite 203]
18.4 - 15.4 Cardiovascular disorders [Seite 205]
18.5 - 15.5 Alzheimer's disease [Seite 206]
18.6 - 15.6 Genetic testing for cancer [Seite 206]
18.7 - 15.7 Breast cancer [Seite 207]
18.8 - 15.8 Genetic counseling [Seite 210]
18.9 - 15.9 Conclusion [Seite 210]
19 - 16 Bioethics of human embryonic stem cells and cloning for stem cells: an Israeli perspective [Seite 214]
19.1 - 16.1 The scientific and medical aspects [Seite 214]
19.2 - 16.2 Ethical issues related to human embryo stem cells [Seite 215]
19.2.1 - 16.2.1 Pluralism of moral views on the preimplantation embryo [Seite 215]
19.2.2 - 16.2.2 Potentiality of human preimplantation embryo [Seite 216]
19.2.3 - 16.2.3 Personal status of the embryo [Seite 216]
19.2.4 - 16.2.4 Therapeutic aims of human ES cells [Seite 217]
19.2.5 - 16.2.5 Pluralism of decisions on human ES cell production and research in various countries [Seite 217]
19.2.6 - 16.2.6 A case study: ethical regulations on human ES cell research in Israel [Seite 219]
19.3 - 16.3 Ethical views on cloning to obtain autologous ES cells [Seite 220]
19.3.1 - 16.3.1 Bioethical arguments [Seite 220]
19.3.2 - 16.3.2 National and international resolutions [Seite 221]
19.3.3 - 16.3.3 Case study: regulations in Israel regarding cloning for ES cells [Seite 222]
20 - 17 The future of human embryonic stem cell research: medical, legal, and ethical perspectives [Seite 226]
20.1 - 17.1 Introduction: Human embryonic stem cell research [Seite 226]
20.2 - 17.2 The first possible clinical applications of cells differentiated from hESC [Seite 226]
20.3 - 17.3 Challenges in clinical treatment using hESC-derived cells [Seite 227]
20.3.1 - 17.3.1 Microbial contamination [Seite 227]
20.3.2 - 17.3.2 GMP and EU tissues and cells directive [Seite 227]
20.3.3 - 17.3.3 Immunogenicity [Seite 228]
20.3.4 - 17.3.4 Tumorigenicity [Seite 228]
20.4 - 17.4 iPS cells versus hESC [Seite 229]
20.5 - 17.5 Legal and ethical aspects of hESC research [Seite 229]
20.6 - 17.6 Conclusions [Seite 231]
21 - 18 Preservation of fertility in children with cancer: medical, ethical, and legal aspects [Seite 234]
21.1 - 18.1 Introduction [Seite 234]
21.2 - 18.2 Population at risk [Seite 235]
21.3 - 18.3 Medical and surgical options for fertility preservation [Seite 236]
21.4 - 18.4 The ethical propriety of fertility-preservation options [Seite 237]
21.5 - 18.5 Autonomy, justice, and treating pediatric patients [Seite 239]
21.6 - 18.6 Ethical and legal issues with unused tissue and gametes [Seite 239]
21.7 - 18.7 Posthumous reproduction [Seite 240]
21.8 - 18.8 Conclusion [Seite 241]
22 - 19 Fertility preservation for cancer patients: a review of current options and their advantages and disadvantages [Seite 244]
22.1 - 19.1 Introduction [Seite 244]
22.2 - 19.2 Cancer and fertility preservation [Seite 244]
22.3 - 19.3 Current options for fertility preservation [Seite 245]
22.4 - 19.4 Medical options: GnRH agonists [Seite 245]
22.5 - 19.5 Surgical options: ovarian transposition and cryopreservation of ovarian cortical tissue [Seite 246]
22.5.1 - 19.5.1 Ovarian transposition [Seite 246]
22.5.2 - 19.5.2 Cryopreservation of ovarian cortical tissue [Seite 247]
22.6 - 19.6 ART: in vitro fertilization and in vitro maturation [Seite 248]
22.6.1 - 19.6.1 Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation after ovarian stimulation [Seite 248]
22.6.1.1 - 19.6.1.1 Embryo cryopreservation [Seite 248]
22.6.1.2 - 19.6.1.2 Oocyte cryopreservation [Seite 249]
22.6.2 - 19.6.2 Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation without prior ovarian Stimulation [Seite 250]
22.6.3 - 19.6.3 IVM embryo cryopreservation [Seite 251]
22.6.4 - 19.6.4 IVM-oocyte vitrification [Seite 251]
22.6.5 - 19.6.5 Fertility preservation: the McGill experience [Seite 252]
22.7 - 19.7 Conclusion [Seite 252]
23 - 20 Sexual orientation and use of assisted reproductive technology: social and psychological issues [Seite 258]
23.1 - 20.1 Introduction [Seite 258]
23.2 - 20.2 A note about terminology [Seite 258]
23.3 - 20.3 Routes to parenthood among nonheterosexual adults [Seite 259]
23.4 - 20.4 Legal issues surrounding sexual orientation and family formation [Seite 259]
23.5 - 20.5 Sexual orientation and incidence of parenthood [Seite 260]
23.6 - 20.6 Sexual orientation and plans for parenthood [Seite 260]
23.7 - 20.7 Studies of sexual orientation and plans for parenthood [Seite 261]
23.8 - 20.8 Outcomes for children of lesbians and gay men [Seite 262]
23.9 - 20.9 Relationships with peers [Seite 262]
23.10 - 20.10 Child behavior problems [Seite 263]
23.11 - 20.11 Gender development [Seite 263]
23.12 - 20.12 Conclusions and future directions [Seite 264]
23.13 - 20.13 Assisted reproduction among nonheterosexual adults [Seite 264]
23.14 - 20.14 Barriers to ART use by nonheterosexual adults [Seite 264]
23.15 - 20.15 Donor-insemination decisions [Seite 266]
23.16 - 20.16 Recommendations for clinical practice [Seite 267]
23.17 - 20.17 Conclusion [Seite 268]
24 - 21 Access to fertility treatment by lesbian couples [Seite 270]
24.1 - 21.1 Introduction [Seite 270]
24.2 - 21.2 Legal changes [Seite 271]
24.3 - 21.3 Assisted reproduction [Seite 274]
24.4 - 21.4 Being a lesbian and a mother [Seite 275]
24.5 - 21.5 Donor anonymity [Seite 275]
24.6 - 21.6 Ethical assessment [Seite 277]
24.7 - 21.7 A Child with two mothers [Seite 279]
25 - 22 ART practice and tourism [Seite 282]
25.1 - 22.1 Introduction [Seite 282]
25.2 - 22.2 Background and methods [Seite 283]
25.3 - 22.3 Major findings [Seite 284]
25.3.1 - 22.3.1 The United Arab Emirates [Seite 286]
25.3.1.1 - 22.3.1.1 Reproductive travel to the UAE [Seite 286]
25.3.1.2 - 22.3.1.2 Reproductive travel from the UAE [Seite 287]
25.3.1.3 - 22.3.1.3 Reproductive travel to and from the UAE [Seite 288]
25.3.2 - 22.3.2 The East Coast of the United States [Seite 288]
25.4 - 22.4 Conclusion [Seite 290]
26 - 23 A savior child conceived by PGD/HLA: medical and ethical aspects [Seite 294]
26.1 - 23.1 Introduction [Seite 294]
26.2 - 23.2 Medical indications and social acceptance of PGD [Seite 294]
26.2.1 - 23.2.1 Chromosomal abnormalities [Seite 294]
26.2.2 - 23.2.2 Monogenic diseases [Seite 295]
26.2.3 - 23.2.3 Adult-onset diseases and cancer-predisposing genes [Seite 295]
26.2.4 - 23.2.4 Creating a "savior child" [Seite 296]
26.3 - 23.3 Other possible applications of PGD: savior embryos, gender selection, and designer babies [Seite 297]
26.3.1 - 23.3.1 Savior embryos [Seite 297]
26.3.2 - 23.3.2 Gender selection [Seite 298]
26.3.3 - 23.3.3 Designer babies [Seite 298]
26.4 - 23.4 Legislation and professional guidelines for the uses of PGD/HLA [Seite 299]
26.5 - 23.5 Ethical considerations [Seite 299]
26.5.1 - 23.5.1 Embryo wastage [Seite 300]
26.5.2 - 23.5.2 Moral status of the human embryo [Seite 300]
26.5.3 - 23.5.3 Harm of embryo biopsy [Seite 302]
26.5.4 - 23.5.4 The condition of absolute medical necessity [Seite 302]
26.5.5 - 23.5.5 PGD SC and family ethics [Seite 304]
26.5.6 - 23.5.6 Well-being of the savior child [Seite 306]
26.5.7 - 23.5.7 PGD, parental interests and public access [Seite 308]
27 - 24 Posthumous reproduction: ethical and legal perspectives [Seite 314]
27.1 - 24.1 Introduction [Seite 314]
27.2 - 24.2 The source [Seite 315]
27.2.1 - 24.2.1 What counts as consent? [Seite 315]
27.2.2 - 24.2.2 Coercion [Seite 316]
27.2.3 - 24.2.3 Minors as sources [Seite 317]
27.3 - 24.3 Requesters of retrieval [Seite 318]
27.4 - 24.4 Reproductive partners [Seite 319]
27.5 - 24.5 Children [Seite 320]
27.6 - 24.6 Summary [Seite 320]
28 - 25 Human reproductive cloning: ethical perspectives [Seite 322]
28.1 - 25.1 Introduction [Seite 322]
28.2 - 25.2 The potential value of HRC [Seite 322]
28.3 - 25.3 Ethical concerns with HRC [Seite 326]
28.4 - 25.4 HRC and the value of our unique genetic make-up [Seite 331]
28.5 - 25.5 Conclusion [Seite 332]
29 - 26 ART practice - religious views [Seite 334]
29.1 - 26.1 Introduction [Seite 334]
29.2 - 26.2 The Jewish law [Seite 335]
29.2.1 - 26.2.1 Torah [Seite 335]
29.2.2 - 26.2.2 The Mishnah [Seite 336]
29.2.3 - 26.2.3 The Talmud [Seite 336]
29.2.4 - 26.2.4 Post-Talmudic codes [Seite 336]
29.2.5 - 26.2.5 Responsa [Seite 336]
29.2.6 - 26.2.6 Orthodox Judaism [Seite 337]
29.2.7 - 26.2.7 Reform Judaism [Seite 337]
29.2.8 - 26.2.8 Conservative [Seite 338]
29.3 - 26.3 Christian denominations [Seite 339]
29.3.1 - 26.3.1 Roman Catholic Church [Seite 339]
29.3.2 - 26.3.2 Anglican Church [Seite 340]
29.3.3 - 26.3.3 The Protestant Church [Seite 341]
29.3.4 - 26.3.4 Eastern Orthodox Church [Seite 341]
29.4 - 26.4 Hinduism [Seite 342]
29.5 - 26.5 Buddhism [Seite 343]
30 - 27 A Catholic ethical perspective on human reproductive technology [Seite 346]
30.1 - 27.1 Catholic position on respect for the human embryo [Seite 346]
30.1.1 - 27.1.1 Biblical perspective [Seite 346]
30.1.2 - 27.1.2 Christian tradition [Seite 346]
30.1.3 - 27.1.3 Embryo defined [Seite 347]
30.1.4 - 27.1.4 Catholic Christian teaching [Seite 347]
30.1.5 - 27.1.5 A person from conception [Seite 349]
30.1.6 - 27.1.6 Ethics and destructive research on human embryos [Seite 349]
30.1.7 - 27.1.7 Morality and personalized natural law [Seite 350]
30.1.8 - 27.1.8 Secular ethics and the human embryo [Seite 351]
30.1.9 - 27.1.9 Challenge to find ethical alternatives [Seite 352]
30.2 - 27.2 Catholic ethics, marriage, and reproductive technology [Seite 352]
30.2.1 - 27.2.1 Catholic Christian position on children of the marriage union [Seite 352]
30.2.2 - 27.2.2 Assisted insemination [Seite 353]
30.2.3 - 27.2.3 Rights of children and natural parents [Seite 354]
30.2.4 - 27.2.4 Donor gametes [Seite 354]
30.2.5 - 27.2.5 Surrogacy [Seite 354]
30.2.6 - 27.2.6 Access to ART by single women and lesbians [Seite 355]
30.2.7 - 27.2.7 Human reproductive cloning [Seite 355]
30.3 - 27.3 Conclusion [Seite 355]
31 - 28 Islamic laws and reproduction [Seite 358]
31.1 - 28.1 Islamic laws [Seite 358]
31.2 - 28.2 Reproduction in Islam [Seite 358]
31.3 - 28.3 ART and Islam [Seite 359]
31.4 - 28.4 Islam and various ART practices [Seite 360]
31.5 - 28.5 Surrogacy [Seite 360]
31.6 - 28.6 Multifetal pregnancy reduction [Seite 360]
31.7 - 28.7 Pregnancy in postmenopause [Seite 360]
31.8 - 28.8 Sex selection [Seite 361]
31.9 - 28.9 Cryopreservation [Seite 362]
31.10 - 28.10 Embryo implantation following husband's death [Seite 362]
31.11 - 28.11 Embryo research [Seite 363]
31.12 - 28.12 Gene therapy [Seite 363]
31.13 - 28.13 Cloning [Seite 364]
31.14 - 28.14 ART practices in different Muslim countries [Seite 364]
32 - 29 Jewish law (halakha) and reproduction [Seite 368]
32.1 - 29.1 Introduction [Seite 368]
32.2 - 29.2 Homosexuality [Seite 369]
32.3 - 29.3 Lesbianism [Seite 369]
32.4 - 29.4 Evaluation of the infertile couple [Seite 370]
32.5 - 29.5 The laws of niddah [Seite 370]
32.6 - 29.6 Infertility treatment [Seite 371]
32.7 - 29.7 The beginning of human life [Seite 373]
32.8 - 29.8 Artificial insemination by husband [Seite 375]
32.9 - 29.9 Artificial insemination by donor [Seite 375]
32.10 - 29.10 Oocyte donation [Seite 376]
32.11 - 29.11 Surrogacy [Seite 377]
32.11.1 - 29.11.1 Legalizing surrogacy in Israel [Seite 378]
32.11.2 - 29.11.2 The state-appointed permission committee [Seite 378]
32.11.2.1 - 29.11.2.1 Guidelines set by the committee for surrogacy [Seite 378]
32.11.2.2 - 29.11.2.2 Expenses [Seite 379]
32.11.2.3 - 29.11.2.3 Legal status of the newborn [Seite 379]
32.11.2.4 - 29.11.2.4 Surrogate mother's withdrawal from the agreement [Seite 379]
32.11.2.5 - 29.11.2.5 Legal rights of the surrogate mother [Seite 380]
32.11.2.6 - 29.11.2.6 Enforcement of the law [Seite 380]
32.11.2.7 - 29.11.2.7 Right to privacy [Seite 380]
32.11.2.8 - 29.11.2.8 Illegal financing [Seite 380]
32.11.2.9 - 29.11.2.9 Legal adoption [Seite 380]
32.12 - 29.12 Fetal reduction [Seite 381]
32.13 - 29.13 Gender preselection [Seite 382]
32.14 - 29.14 Cryopreservation [Seite 382]
32.15 - 29.15 Posthumous reproduction [Seite 383]
32.16 - 29.16 Cloning [Seite 384]
32.17 - 29.17 Preembryo research [Seite 385]
33 - 30 Commercialized assisted reproduction [Seite 388]
33.1 - 30.1 Position of reproductive treatment in the economy [Seite 388]
33.2 - 30.2 Commercialization of assisted reproduction [Seite 388]
33.3 - 30.3 Divergent national policies toward reproductive treatment [Seite 388]
33.4 - 30.4 International economic integration and assisted reproduction [Seite 389]
33.5 - 30.5 Absence of effective restrictions on reproductive tourism [Seite 390]
33.6 - 30.6 Natural barriers to reproductive tourism [Seite 390]
33.7 - 30.7 Intellectual property and assisted reproduction [Seite 391]
33.8 - 30.8 Doing business in the reproductive industry [Seite 391]
33.9 - 30.9 Assisted reproduction in united Europe [Seite 392]
33.9.1 - 30.9.1 Case study: German patients in Czech centers [Seite 393]
34 - 31 The intersection between economic and ethical aspects of ART [Seite 396]
34.1 - 31.1 Introduction [Seite 396]
34.2 - 31.2 A framework for economic and ethical aspects of ART [Seite 397]
34.3 - 31.3 Distributive justice and funding of ART [Seite 398]
34.3.1 - 31.3.1 International differences in funding [Seite 398]
34.3.2 - 31.3.2 Provision of ART in developing countries [Seite 401]
34.3.3 - 31.3.3 Morally challenging funding decisions [Seite 402]
34.4 - 31.4 The cost of ART treatment [Seite 402]
34.4.1 - 31.4.1 Treatment costs [Seite 402]
34.4.2 - 31.4.2 The costs of multiple births [Seite 403]
34.4.3 - 31.4.3 Valuing ART treatment from an economic perspective [Seite 405]
34.5 - 31.5 The affordability of ART treatment and its implications [Seite 406]
34.5.1 - 31.5.1 Affordability and utilization [Seite 406]
34.5.2 - 31.5.2 Affordability and clinical practice [Seite 409]
34.5.2.1 - 31.5.2.1 It makes economic as well as clinical sense to reduce multiple-births [Seite 410]
34.6 - 31.6 Conclusion [Seite 411]