Communication in Development

List of ContributorsPreface1. Negativity in Early Infant-Adult Exchanges and Its Developmental Significance Initial Observations Theoretical Views of Early Negativity Empirical Reports of Negativity Naturally-Occurring Negativity Discussion Conclusion: Asocial and Social Negativity Acknowledgments References2. Non-Linguistic Information Which Could Assist the Young Child's Interpretation of Adults' Speech Introduction Study 1: Contiguity of Reference and Manipulation Study 2: The Emphasis of Names of Objects Acknowledgments References3. Collaboration and Confrontation with Young Children in Language Comprehension Testing Introduction Pilot Studies Main Experiments Conclusions and Wider Issues Acknowledgments References4. From Interaction Strategies to Social Representation of Adults in a Day Nursery Introduction Method Results: Adults' Behavior in a Play Situation Results: Adults' System of Rules and Social Representation Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References5. Language Performance of Disadvantaged Children at 30 Months: Interpersonal and Other Environmental Influences Introduction Method Results and Discussion Two Case Studies: Zachary and Albert Summary General Conclusions References6. Mothers as Teachers and Their Children as Learners: a Study of the Influence of Social Interaction upon Cognitive Development Cognitive Development and Social Mediation Method Results: Mother as Teacher Results: The Child as Learner Results: Mother-Child Relationships Discussion Acknowledgment References7. Mothers' Answers to Children's Questions: from Socio-Economic Status to Individual Differences Introduction SES Differences in Mothers' Reported Ways of Answering Children's Questions SES Differences in the Ways Children Answer Questions Associations between Mothers' Reports of Ways They Answer Their Children's Questions and Children's Answers: Mother-Child Pairs Children's Answers and Questions in Relation to Mothers' Verbal Behavior Discussion References8. Instruction Versus Conversation as Opportunities for Learning Introduction Seriation Training: Study 1 Kinds of Interaction in Relation to Progress in Seriation: Studies 2-5 Interpretation of Results Changing Theoretical Context Learning through Conversation: a Synthesis of Theories Acknowledgments References9. Conflict and Cooperation as Opportunities for Learning Is Learning an Individual Process? The Interchange between the Child and the Social Setting: Communication, Understanding and Performance Study 1: Social Context and Performance Study 2: Social Context and Learning Learning: a Process of Performing and Communicating within a Social Context Acknowledgments References10. Conversational Tactics and the Advancement of the Child's Understanding about Referential Communication Introduction Deficiencies in the Young Child's Understanding about Verbal Referential Communication Ways of Improving the Young Child's Performance and Understanding about Communication Why Does Giving the Child Information Improve His Performance and Understanding? Relationship between Mothers' Ways of Handling Communication Failure and Children's Understanding about Communication Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments References11. Some Problems for Theory, Methodology, and Methods for the 1980s Introduction Theoretical Perspectives Methodology Methods of Study Concluding Remarks ReferencesAuthor IndexSubject Index