FUNCTIONAL FOODS & CLAIMS: CONCEPTS, STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT, REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANTIATION OF CLAIMS AND COMMUNICATION TO CONSUMERS Nutrition in the 20th Century: From Prevention to Deficiencies to Reduction of Risk Due to Excessive Consumption of Nutrients Nutrition at the Turn of the 20th Century: The new Challenges The Concept of Optimum Nutrition Functional Food: A Nutrient Concept Functional Food: A Consensus of the European Scientific Community Strategy for the Development of Functional Food Type A and Type B Claims The Communication Challenge Communication of the Functional Effects of a Prebiotic: An Example Perspectives in Functional Food Development and the Case of the Prebiotics THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM: A MAJOR TARGET FOR FUNCTIONAL FOODS The Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal System The Digestive Functions The Motility The Endocrinology: Peptide Hormones The Defense Mechanisms INULIN: A FRUCTAN Fructans Inulin Chicory Inulin THE DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS: INULIN-TYPE FRUCTANS AS NON-DIGESTIBLE OLIGOSACCHARIDES Digestion of Carbohydrates in the Gastrointestinal Tract The Absorption of Hexoses in the Small Intestine Inulin-Type Fructans as Non-Digestible Ologosaccharides (NDOS) Inulin-Type Fructans as Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides: Discussion and Conclusion THE DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS: INULIN-TYPE FRUCTANS AS FERMENTABLE CARBOHYDRATES The Colon as a Fermenter The Anaerobic Fermentation of Proteins The Anaerobic Fermentation of Carbohydrates The Anaerobic Fermentation of Inulin-Type Fructans THE DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS: INULIN AND OLIGOFRUCTOSE AS DIETARY FIBER Dietary Fiber: A Concept in Human Nutrition Inulin and Oligofructose as Dietary Fiber INULIN AND OLIGOFRUCTOSE AS LOW CALORIE CARBOHYDRATES Methodologies to Assess the Energy Value of Inulin-Type Fructans Assessment of the Energy Value of Inulin and Oligofructose: Results and Discussion Inulin and Oligofructose as Low Calorie Carbohydrates: Conclusions INULIN-TYPE FRUCTANS AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTIONS: CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES INULIN-TYPE FRUCTANS AND THE MODULATION OF THE INTESTINAL MICROFLORA: THE PREBIOTIC EFFECTS Prebiotics: Definition and Requirements for Scientific Substantiation Methodologies to Study the Composition of the Gut Microflora Inulin-Type Fructans Classify as Prebiotic: The Scientific Substantiation Inulin-Type Fructans as Prebiotics: Discussion & Perspectives INULIN-TYPE FRUCTANS AND THE INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF MINERALS The Physiology of Calcium The Physiology of Magnesium The Methodologies to Study Mineral Absorption and Bone Health Inulin-Type Fructans and the Gastrointestinal Absorption of Other Minerals Inulin-Type Fructans Mineral Absorption and Bone Health: Discussion, Perspectives and Conclusions INULIN-TYPE FRUCTANS AND THE HOMEOSTASIS OF LIPIDS Biochemistry of Lipid Metabolism Inulin-Type Fructans and Lipid Homeostasis Inulin-Type Fructans and Lipid Homeostasis: Discussion, Conclusion and Perspectives INULIN-TYPE FRUCTANS AND THE DEFENSE FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY Introduction: The Defense Functions of the Body The Role of the Gastrointestinal System in Body's Defense Nutrition and the Gastrointestinal Defense Functions Inulin-Type Fructans and the Gastrointestinal Defense Functions Inulin-Type Fructans and the Systemic Defense Functions Inulin-Type Fructans and the Defense Functions: Overview, Discussion and Perspectives GENERAL DISCUSSION, PERSPECTIVES, AND CONCLUSIONS General Discussion Conclusions and Perspectives