
Darwinian Dynamics
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Michod first considers the principles behind the hierarchically nested levels of organization that constitute life: genes, chromosomes, genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, and societies. By examining the evolutionary transitions from the molecular level up to the whole organism, the author explains how cooperation and conflict in a multilevel setting leads to new levels of fitness. He builds a model of fitness drawing on recent developments in ecology and multilevel selection theory and on new explanations of the origin of life. Michod concludes with a discussion of the philosophical implications of his theory of fitness, a theory that addresses the most fundamental and unique concept in all of biology.
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Content
- Cover Page
- Half-title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication Page
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1: The Language of Selection
- Plan of the Book
- Darwinian Dynamics
- Major Evolutionary Transitions
- Cooperation and Conflict
- Fisherian Fitness
- Deconstructing Fitness
- Selection as Fitness Covariance
- Mathematical Models
- Adequacy Criterion for Understanding Fitness
- Definitions of Basic Concepts
- Chapter 2: Origin of Fitness
- Complementarity
- Spontaneous Creation
- Self-Replication and the Origin of Fitness
- Replicator Dynamics
- Design Analysis of Molecular Replicator
- Life History Evolution
- Survival of the Fittest
- Survival of Anybody
- Overview of the Origin of Fitness
- Chapter 3: The First Individuals
- Origin of Gene Networks
- Cooperation and Conflict
- Survival of the First
- Evolutionary Transitions Are Inherently Nonlinear
- Origin of Hypercycles
- Quasispecies
- Population Structure
- Kin Selection in Evolutionary Transitions
- Conflict Mediation through Individuality
- Further Evolution of the Cell
- Heritable Capacities of Single Cells
- Reconsidering Adaptedness and Fitness
- Early Transitions in Evolution
- Chapter 4: Evolution of Interactions
- Gene Frequency Change
- Population Growth
- Frequency-Dependent Selection
- Constant Selection
- Adaptive Topography
- Frequency Dependence Decouples Fitness in a Selection Hierarchy
- Selection as Covariance
- Fisher's Fundamental Theorem
- Evolution in Hierarchically Structured Populations
- Evolution of Multicellular Organisms
- Kin Selection
- Game Theory
- Modification of Genetic Constraints
- Population Dynamics and Natural Selection
- Fitness Minima
- Prisoner's Dilemma
- Spatial Structure and the Evolution of Cooperation
- The Problem of Frequency Dependence
- Chapter 5: Multilevel Selection of the Organism
- A Scenario
- A Model for the Emergence of Organisms
- Recurrence Equations
- Within-Organism Mutation Selection Model
- Mutation Rate
- Covariance Methods
- The Risk of Development
- Increase of Cooperation
- Level of Cooperation among Cells within Organisms
- Fitness of Organisms
- Effect of Sex and Diploidy on the Emerging Organism
- Strengths and Weaknesses of the Model
- Chapter 6: Rediscovering Individuality
- Evolutionary Individuals
- Two-Locus Modifier Model
- Model Parameters
- Equilibria of the System
- Evolution of the Germ Line
- Evolution of the Mutation Rate
- Evolution of Self-Policing
- Evolution of Adult Size
- Effect of Transition on the Level of Cooperation
- Increase of Fitness Covariance at Organism Level
- Heritability of Fitness and the Evolution of Individuality
- Sex and Individuality
- Origin of Multicellular Life
- Transitions in Individuality
- Chapter 7: Fitness Explanations
- Overview of Fitness and Natural Selection
- Trading Fitness through Cooperation
- Kinship and Population Structure
- Conflict Mediation
- Reconsidering Fitness
- The "Tautology Problem
- Surrogates for Natural Selection
- Evolution of Selfing
- Cost of Sex
- Immortality, Death, and the Life Cycle
- Kin Selection of Altruism
- Heterozygote Superiority
- Sickle Cell Anemia
- Darwin's Dilemmas
- Chapter 8: A Philosophy of Fitness
- Dynamics of Design
- What Makes Biology Different?
- Success and Design
- Long-Term versus Short-Term Measures of Fitness
- Darwinian Dynamics
- Natural Selection as a Biological Law
- Paradigms for Natural Selection
- Fitness in Darwinian Dynamics
- The Insufficiency of Individual Fitness
- Heritability and Natural Selection
- Schema for Natural Selection
- The Propensity Interpretation of Fitness
- Brandon's Approach
- Heritable Capacities as Components of Design
- Overall Adaptedness of Organisms
- Masking of Adaptiveness
- Are Adaptation Concepts Necessary?
- F-Fitness and Evolutionary Explanations
- Explaining Fitness
- Appendix A: Supporting Analyses
- Statistics of Fitness and Selection
- Equilibria for Modifier Model (G = 0)
- Cost of Sex in Diploids
- Appendix B: Fitness Phrases
- Appendix C: Notation
- Notes
- References
- Index
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