Conducting Personal Network Research

Prologue 1. Introduction What Is This Chapter About? 1.1 Everyone Has a Personal Network 1.2 The Size, Composition, and Structure of Personal Networks 1.3 Egos, Alters, Egocentric Networks, and Sociocentric Networks 1.4 Should I Use Personal Network or Whole Network Analysis? Box: Combining Personal and Whole Networks 1.5 Who Is This Book For? 1.6 Book Overview Chapter Summary 2. How Personal Networks Have Been Used So Far What Is This Chapter About? 2.1 A Brief History of Personal Network Analysis Box: The Bott Hypothesis about Conjugal Roles and Social Networks Box: Clyde Mitchell and the Manchester School Box: The Small World Experiment Box: The East York Studies 2.2 What We Currently Know about Personal Networks 2.3 Theoretical Frameworks for Effects of Personal Networks on Individual Outcomes 2.4 Final Remarks Chapter Summary Further Reading 3. Developing a Research Question What Is This Chapter About? 3.1 Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Objectives 3.2 Outcomes and Social Determinants 3.3 Real or Perceived? 3.4 Some Examples of Questions and Hypotheses in Personal Network Research Chapter Summary Further Reading 4. Getting Started: Selecting a Population, Survey Mode, and Sampling Frames What Is This Chapter About? 4.1 Deciding Whether Personal Network Analysis Is Appropriate 4.2 Selecting a Population Box: Neighborhood Networks and Status Box: Emotional Support and Cognitive Functioning among the Elderly Box: Social Support and Smoking in African American Adults 4.3 The Survey Mode 4.4 The Sampling Frame 4.5 Integration with Larger Surveys 4.6 Identifying Dependent and Explanatory Variables Box: Loneliness and Dementia Box: Personal Networks and Ethnic Identity Chapter Summary Further Reading 5. Questions about the Ego What Is This Chapter About? 5.1 Variables and Research Aims: What Questions to Ask Box: Personal Networks and Social Support: Comparing Two Ethnic Groups in Southern California 5.2 Levels of Measurement Box: Needle-Sharing and Personal Network Correlates 5.3 Wording a Question Chapter Summary Further Reading 6. Delineating Personal Networks: Alter Elicitation What Is This Chapter About? 6.1 What Is a Name Generator? Box: Contact Lists in Phones and Personal Networks 6.2 How Social Ties Are Stored in Memory and How They Are Recalled Box: Probing 6.3 Defining the Boundaries of Personal Networks 6.4 Name Generators for Eliciting Intentional (Nonrandom) Subsets of Alters Box: Multiple Name Generators for Social Support Box: Single- and Multiple-Name Generators 6.5 A Name Generator for Eliciting a Random Subset of Alters 6.6 Additional Qualifiers of the Network Boundary 6.7 Alternative Approaches to Name Generators Box: Keeping Diaries of Contacts during Three Months and Beyond 6.8 Final Remarks Chapter Summary Further Reading 7. Collecting Alter Attributes What Is This Chapter About? 7.1 What Is a Name Interpreter? 7.2 What We Really Know about Alters Box: Alters' Real Attributes or the Ego's Perception of Their Attributes? 7.3 Questions about the Attributes of Alters 7.4 Questions about Relationships between the Ego and the Alter Box: Tie Strength: Closeness, Duration of Relationship, or Frequency of Contact? Box: Level of Knowing, Duration of Relationship, and Frequency of Contact Box: The Friendship Label 7.5 How Many Questions about Alters? Respondent Burden Box: Ordering Questions about Alters Alterwise or Questionwise Chapter Summary Further Reading 8. Collecting Data about Ties between Alters What Is This Chapter About? 8.1 What Is an Edge Interpreter? 8.2 What We Really Know about Alter-Alter Ties 8.3 Alter-Alter Prompts Box: Detailed Answer Categories for Smaller Personal Networks 8.4 Respondent Burden Box: The Reliability of Respondents' Evaluations of Alter-Alter Ties Box: A Different Way to Explore Network Structure and Composition Chapter Summary Further Reading 9. Visualizing Personal Networks What Is This Chapter About? 9.1 Personal Network Visualization: Basic Principles 9.2 Collecting Personal Network Data through Visual Displays 9.3 Network Visualizations as Cues in Qualitative Interviews 9.4 Comparing Personal Networks through Visualizations Chapter Summary Further Reading 10. Measuring Personal Network Characteristics without Generating Names What Is This Chapter About? 10.1 Characteristics of Larger Personal Networks 10.2 Personal Network Size Box: The Random Mixing Assumption in the Network Scale-Up Method 10.3 Social Distance 10.4 Social Capital 10.5 Social Support Chapter Summary Further Reading 11. Analyzing Personal Network Composition and Structure What Is This Chapter About? 11.1 Summarizing Name Interpreters and Edge Interpreters by Respondents 11.2 Creating Simple Compositional Variables from Personal Networks Box: How to Use SPSS for Working with Personal Network Data 11.3 More Advanced Compositional Variables Box: The Power of Homophily 11.4 Creating Simple Structural Variables from Personal Networks Box: To Include or to Exclude Ego? Box: Personality and Personal Network Structure 11.5 Creating Compositional Variables Based on More Than One Attribute 11.6 Creating Variables That Combine Composition and Structure Box: 11.7 Adding Compositional and Structural Variables to the Dataset Chapter Summary Further Reading 12. Statistical Modeling with Personal Network Data: The Level of Egos What Is This Chapter About? 12.1 Personal Network Data and Statistical Modeling 12.2 Predicting Ego-Level Dependent Variables 12.3 Models for Non-Network Dependent Variables Box: Using Personal Network Characteristics to Predict Immigrant Assimilation Box: The Effect of Personal Network Exposure on Reproductive Health Behavior Box: A Longitudinal Analysis of Personal Support Networks and Depression Box: Using Cluster Analysis to Find Types of Immigrants' Personal Networks 12.4 Models for Network Dependent Variables Box: Predicting Network Dependent Variables with Generalized Linear Models Chapter Summary Further Reading 13. Statistical Modeling with Personal Network Data: The Level of Alters and Ties What Is This Chapter About? 13.1 Statistical Models for Alters or Ego-Alter Ties Box: Testing Theories on Social Support with Hierarchical Models for Personal Networks 13.2 Statistical Models for Alter-Alter Ties Box: Modeling Alter-Alter Ties to Study Transitivity and Homophily Box: Using Personal Networks to Estimate Whole Network Characteristics through ERGMs Box: Using SAOMs to Examine the Evolution of Alter-Alter Ties over Time Chapter Summary Further Reading 14. Ethics in Personal Network Research What Is This Chapter About? 14.1 Personal Network Research and Ethical Dilemmas 14.2 Gaining Consent 14.3 Confidentiality Box: Incentives and Respondent-Driven Sampling 14.4 Social Media and Mobile Phones 14.5 Managing and Publishing Personal Network Data Box: Doing Network Research in Organizational Settings Chapter Summary Further Reading Appendix References