
Metaphor in Use
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- Metaphor in Use
- Editorial page
- Title page
- LCC data
- Table of contents
- List of contributors
- Acknowledgements
- Introduction
- 1. Background
- 2. The contributions to this volume
- 2.1 Part 1: Contexts of research
- 2.2 Part 2: Contexts of production
- 2.3 Part 3: Contexts of interpretation
- 2.4 Part 4: Metaphor, topic, and discourse
- 2.5 Part 5: Metaphor and culture
- 2.6 Part 6: Afterword and prospects for future research
- References
- Part 1. Contexts of research
- Chapter 1. An assessment of metaphor retrieval methods
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Metaphor retrieval procedures examined in this chapter
- 3. Reading portions of the corpus for candidates
- 4. Concordancing: Search term choice
- 5. Clustering
- 6. WordSmith Tools keywords
- 7. Metaphor Candidate Identifier
- 8. Semantic relatedness
- 9. Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 2. Metaphor in discourse
- 1. MIP and linguistic metaphor identification
- 2. MIP and metaphor in discourse
- 3. MIP and other manifestations of metaphor
- 4. Issue 1: Source or target domain?
- 5. Issue 2: Literal or metaphorical comparison?
- 6. Issue 3: Analysis of proper names
- 7. Issue 4: Cultural references
- 8. Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 3. Metaphor identification in Dutch discourse
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 Studies in metaphor
- 1.2 MIP Pragglejaz: An explicit method
- 1.3 MIPVU: Additions and alterations
- 2. Dutch discourse and metaphor identification
- 2.1 Dutch discourse
- 2.2 Differences in deciding about words
- 2.3 A more basic meaning: The dictionary problem
- 2.4 Other metaphor forms: Checklists in Dutch?
- 3. Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 4. Locating metaphor candidates in specialized corpora using raw frequency and keyword lists
- 1. Introduction
- 2. What is a metaphor?
- 3. Locating metaphors in text
- 4. Locating metaphor candidates
- 4.1 Background
- 4.2 Preliminaries
- 4.3 Establishing the thematic content of the specialized corpus
- 4.4 Grouping and classifying low frequency content words
- 5. Further technicalities
- 5.1 A note on high and low frequencies
- 5.2 Comparing corpora
- 6. Conclusions
- References
- Part 2. Contexts of production
- Chapter 5. Metaphor variation across L1 and L2 speakers of English
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Linguistic metaphor and embodied experience
- 3. Cross-linguistic influence and transfer
- 4. General method and material
- 5. How often are the terms 'path', 'road', and 'way' used in metaphorical ways?
- 6. How are metaphorical 'paths', 'roads', and 'ways' described?
- 7. How are spatial relationships including 'paths', 'roads', or 'ways' described?
- 8. What do we do 'on', 'along', or 'near' the metaphorical 'path', 'road', and 'way'?
- 9. Conclusion
- References
- Corpora:
- Chapter 6. Metaphorical expressions in L2 production
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Background
- 3. Research questions
- 4. Data
- 5. Metaphorical sense
- 6. The base line: The use of ta in L1 = Norwegian
- 7. The use of ta in L2 = Norwegian
- 8. Comparison between the Norwegian-as-L1 group and the Norwegian-as-L2 groups
- 9. Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 7. Researching linguistic metaphor in native, non-native, and expert writing
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Procedures for linguistic metaphor identification
- 2.1 Key starting points
- 2.2 The MIV procedure
- 2.3 Inter-rater reliability
- 2.4 A combination of procedures
- 2.5 The linguistic form of metaphor
- 3. Results and discussion
- 3.1 The nature of linguistic metaphor in student and expert writing
- 3.2 Quantifying linguistic metaphors in student and expert writing
- 3.3 The lexico-grammatical forms of linguistic metaphor
- 4. Conclusions
- References
- Part 3. Contexts of interpretation
- Chapter 8. Appreciation and interpretation of visual metaphors in advertising across three European countries
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Visual metaphors
- 3. Research questions
- 4. Appreciation
- 4.1 Experiment 1
- 4.2 Experiment 2
- 5. Interpretive diversity
- 6. Conclusion and discussion
- References
- Chapter 9. English native speakers' interpretations of culture-bound Japanese figurative expressions
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Conventional metaphors in Japanese and the feasibility of their 'raw' translation
- 3. The study
- 3.1 Methodology
- 3.2 The test items
- 4. Results, analysis, and discussion
- 4.1 Phenomena observed in the ENSs' interpretations and regional differences (RQ 1)
- 4.2 Qualitative analysis of the items and their interpretations
- 4.3 Strategies used in the interpretations (RQ2)
- 5. Conclusions
- References
- Appendix A.
- Appendix B.
- Appendix C
- Chapter 10. The limits of comprehension in cross-cultural metaphor
- 1. Cross-language and internal variants of metaphor creation
- 2. Context in comprehension
- 3. Metaphor networking
- 4. Metaphor in drugs terminology
- 5. Shared cross-language concepts in drugs metaphors
- 6. Non-contextual factors that aid cross-language comprehension
- 6.1 Conventional metaphors
- 6.2 Similar analogies
- 6.3 Cultural overlap
- 7. Cross-language universals in conceptual networks: Individual creations
- 8. Universals in generalized networks
- 9. The limits of comprehension: Variation in cross-language networks
- 10. Native versus non-native comprehension
- 11. Conclusions
- References
- Part 4. Metaphor, topic, and discourse
- Chapter 11. Conceptual types of terminological metaphors in marine biology
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Methodology
- 2.1 Text selection and corpus description
- 2.2 Corpus processing
- 3. Analysis
- 3.1 Experientialism and metaphorization
- 3.2 Image metaphors vs. multiple-correspondence metaphors
- 4. Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 12. Gestures, language, and what they reveal about thought
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Background
- 2.1 Gesture
- 2.2 Metaphor
- 2.3 Metaphor, gesture, and thought
- 2.4 Gesture classification systems
- 2.5 Metaphor identification methods
- 3. Method
- 3.1 The participants and setting
- 3.2 Procedure
- 3.3 Identifying and coding gestures
- 3.4 Identifying metaphorically used words
- 3.5 Reliability of metaphor and gesture coding
- 4. Results
- 4.1 Deictics
- 4.2 Iconics
- 4.3 Metaphorics
- 5. Discussion and conclusion
- References
- Part 5. Metaphor and culture
- Chapter 13. Armed with patience, suffering an emotion
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Background: The linguistic data
- 3. Ontologies of çile 'suffering' and sabır 'patience'
- 3.1 A case of çile
- 3.2 A case of sabır
- 3.3 The origins of çile and sabır
- 4. Çile and sabır: The targets
- 5. life: A patiently paced painful journey
- 6. moral strength: All you need
- 7. less strength, more emotion
- 8. Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 14. Trolls
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The method used for finding troll examples
- 3. A first outline of Swedish troll meanings
- 4. Cultural traditions and linguistic relativity
- 5. Traditional trolls in Swedish culture and idiomatic expressions
- 6. The Swedish troll image today and its linguistic occurrence
- 7. The metaphoricity scale: From descriptive dependence to mainly attitudinal force
- 8. Trolls in English
- 9. Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 15. A computational exploration of creative similes
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Corpus I: Simple comparisons
- 2.1 Compiling lists of simple similes
- 2.2 Annotating the data
- 2.3 Simple elaborations
- 2.4 Subversive elaborations
- 3. Corpus II: Complex comparisons
- 3.1 Compiling lists of complex similes
- 3.2 Annotating the data
- 4. Comparing corpora
- 5. Empirical analysis: Irony and affect
- 5.1 Quantifying attitude
- 5.2 Irony and affect
- 6. Discussion
- 6.1 Ironic interactions
- 6.2 Support structures for irony
- 7. Conclusions
- References
- Part 6. Afterword and prospects for future research
- Chapter 16. Metaphors, snowflakes, and termite nests
- 1. Introduction
- 2. An initial speculative analogy
- 3. Snow flakes and termite nests
- 4. An overview of self-organization
- 5. Self-organization and metaphor
- 5.1 Multiple attractors
- 5.2 Hierarchies of time-scales
- 5.3 Dynamical processing
- 5.4 Global emergence, top down causality, and instability
- 6. Conclusion
- References
- Name index
- Terms index
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