
Cosmology and Controversy
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In the 1920s, Alexander Friedmann and Georges Lemaître showed that Einstein's general relativity equations possessed solutions for a universe expanding in time. Kragh follows the story from here, showing how the big-bang theory evolved, from Edwin Hubble's observation that most galaxies are receding from us, to the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Sir Fred Hoyle proposed instead the steady-state theory, a model of dynamic equilibrium involving the continuous creation of matter throughout the universe. Although today it is generally accepted that the universe started some ten billion years ago in a big bang, many readers may not fully realize that this standard view owed much of its formation to the steady-state theory. By exploring the similarities and tensions between the theories, Kragh provides the reader with indispensable background for understanding much of today's commentary about our universe.
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Content
- Cover Page
- Half-title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication Page
- Contents
- Prface
- Chapter One: Background: From Einstein to Hubble
- Chapter Two: Lemaitre's Fireworks Universe
- 2.1 The Discovery of the Expanding Universe
- 2.2 The Primeval Atom
- 2.3 Cosmythologies
- 2.4 The Time Scale Difficulty
- Chapter Three: Gamow's Big Bang
- 3.1 Nuclear Phvsics and Stellar Energy
- 3.2 The Ultimate Nuclear Oven
- 3.3 Cosmology as a Branch of Physics
- Chapter Four: The Steady-State Alternative
- 4.1 Stationary Universes and Creation of Matter
- 4.2 A Cambridge Trio
- 4.3 Emergence of the Steady-State Theory
- 4.4 Two Steady-State Papers
- 4.5 Elaboration and Initial Response
- Chapter Five: Creation and Controversy
- 5.1 Developments and Modifications of Steady-State Theory
- 5.2 Is Cosmology a Science?
- 5.3 Religion, Politics, and the Universe
- Chapter Six: The Universe Observed
- 6.1 Observational Challenges
- 6.2 Galaxies and Atomic Nuclei
- 6.3 Implications of Radio Astronomy
- Chapter Seven: From Controversy to Marginalization
- 7.1 New Observations, New Debates
- 7.2 Relics from the Birth of the Universe
- 7.3 Hoyle 's Many Alternatives
- 7.4 The Termination of the Controversy
- Chapter Eight: Epilogue: Dynamics of a Controversy
- Appendix I: A Cosmological Chronology, 1917-1971
- Appendix II: Technical Glossary
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Index
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