Infancy

Acknowledgments
Preface
Chapter 1: Beliefs about Babies: Historical Perspectives on Children and Childhood
Chapter Overview
Why Do We Study Infants?
Development as Transformation
Impact of Early Experience
Research Methods and Tools
Interdisciplinary Collaboration
Recurring Themes in the Study of Child Development
The Path of Development: Stages versus Continuous Change
Heredity and the Environment
Active or Passive Development?
Typical and Atypical Development
Culture and Context in Historical Perspective
Box 1.1. Studying Children and Childhood with a Historical LensHistorical Perspectives on Infancy and Early Childhood
Historical Studies of Children and Childhood
Views of Children
Family Life
The Development of the Field of Child Development
Child Development Research, Theory, and Practice
G. Stanley Hall
Maria Montessori
John Watson
Arnold Gesell
Anna Freud
Margaret Mahler
Myrtle McGraw
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
Child Development Organizations
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 2: Research Methods
Chapter Overview
Issues in Research with Infants
Box 2.1. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Infant ResearchEthical Concerns
Behavioral State
Box 2.2. Online Data Collection from Babies at HomeInference and Interpretation
Research Settings
Naturalistic Studies
Laboratory Studies
Research Designs
Case Studies and Single-Subject Research
Quasi-Experimental Studies
Experimental Studies
Research Designs for Studying Development
Longitudinal Research
Cross-Sectional Research
Microgenetic Research
Research Measures
Psychophysiological Responses
Parental Reports
Wrapping It Up : Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 3: Genetics, Conception, and Prenatal Development
Chapter Overview
Genetics and the Human Genome
Genetic Diseases and Disorders
Genetics and Prenatal Development
Conception
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
Twins and Other Multiples
Infertility and Assisted Reproduction
Prenatal Development
Box 3.1. Overview of the Stages of Prenatal DevelopmentThe Germinal Stage, Fertilization to Two Weeks
The Embryonic Stage, Two to Eight Weeks
The Fetal Stage, Eight Weeks to Birth (38 Weeks)
Congenital Anomalies
Box 3.2. Prenatal Effects of the Zika VirusNeural Tube Defects
Congenital Heart Defects
Prenatal Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
Ultrasound
Maternal Blood Screening
Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
Amniocentesis
Fetal Echocardiography
Fetal Therapy
Prenatal Influences
Nutrition
Alcohol and Drugs
Disease
Stress
Environmental Hazards
Paternal Influences
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 4: Birth and the Newborn
Chapter Overview
The Birth Process: Stages of Childbirth
The First Stage: Contractions, Dilatation, and Effacement
The Second Stage: Delivery of the Infant
The Third Stage: Placental Expulsion
Complications of Childbirth
Box 4.1. Standards for Improving Quality of Maternal and Newborn Care in Health FacilitiesFailure to Progress
Breech Presentation
Preterm Birth
Box 4.2. Technologies and Procedures in the Neonatal Intensive Care UnitLow Birthweight
Post-Term Birth
Twins and Other Multiple Births
Childbirth Options
Medical Interventions
Hospital or Home?
Box 4.3. Pros and Cons of Water BirthsNeonatal Assessment
Assessment at Birth
Reflexes
Sensory Abilities
Adaptations During the Neonatal Period
Box 4.4. Kangaroo Care for Newborn Infants and Their ParentsWrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 5: Physical Growth, Health, and Nutrition
Chapter Overview
Physical Growth
Measuring and Predicting Growth
Failure to Thrive
Brain Development
Maltreatment and the Brain
Box 5.1. Risk Factors for Child MaltreatmentBox 5.2. Long-Term Effects of InstitutionalizationHealth and Safety
Newborn Screening
Screening for Lead Poisoning
Box 5.3. Reducing Young Children's Exposure to LeadInfant Mortality
Common Illnesses and Immunizations
Accidental Injuries
Sudden Unexplained Infant Death
Box 5.4. Recommendations to Reduce the Risk of SIDS and ASSBNutrition and Feeding
Nutritional Requirements in Infancy
Breast Milk
Box 5.5. Practice Guidelines in Baby-Friendly HospitalsNutritional Requirements in Toddlerhood
The Problem of Malnutrition
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 6: Sensation, Perception, and Motor Development
Chapter Overview
Theories of Infant Perception
Vision
Newborn Abilities
Perceiving Objects
Perceiving Depth
Perceiving Images on Screens
Box 6.1. Learning to Perceive Digital MediaHearing
Locating Sounds
Perceiving Speech
Perceiving Music
Music Perception
Touch
Reflexes
Pain
Taste
Innate Preferences
Effects of Experience
Smell
Innate Preferences
Effects of Experience
Other Senses, Intermodal and Cross-Modal Perception
Other Senses
Intermodal Abilities
Box 6.2. Multisensory Processing and AttentionCross-Modal Abilities
Motor Development
Assessing Motor Development
Fine Motor Skills: Reaching, Grasping, and Using Tools
Box 6.3. Infants and Toddlers Use Motor Skills to Make MusicGross Motor Skills: Sitting, Crawling, and Walking
The Cultural Context
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 7: Play and Foundational Theories about Cognitive Development
Chapter Overview
The Development of Play
Play with Objects
Box 7.1. Adapting Play for Infants and ToddlersSocial Play
Pretend/Symbolic Play
Piaget's Theory: Constructing and Representing Knowledge
Sensorimotor and Preoperational Intelligence
Object Permanence
The A-Not-B Error
Understanding and Using Representations of Space
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: Learning as a Social Activity
The Zone of Proximal Development
Guided Participation
Box 7.2. The Suzuki Method for Learning to Play a Musical InstrumentWrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 8: Cognitive Science and Intelligence
Chapter Overview
Cognitive Science Perspectives
Attention
Gaze Following, Joint Attention, and Theory of Mind
Memory
Box 8.1. The Effect of Television and Digital Media on Infants and ToddlersCategorization
Defining and Testing Intelligence in Infancy
Traditional Tests
Information-Processing Assessments
Box 8.2. Using Cognitive Science Measures to Assess Infant DevelopmentWrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 9: Language and Communication
Chapter Overview
Studying Language Development
Why Language Matters
Systems of Language
Theoretical Foundations
Prelinguistic Communication
Receptivity to Language
Speech Perception
Early Production: Babbling
Gestural Communication
Semantic Development
Milestones in the Acquisition of Meaning
One-Word Utterances
Box 9.1. Cultural Influences on Language LearningExplaining Early Word Learning
The Acquisition of Grammar
Multiword Utterances
Overregularization
Cross-Linguistic Studies of the Acquisition of Grammar
Atypical Language Development
Measuring Language Development
Early Language Delay and Specific Language Impairment
Language and Communication in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Box 9.2. New Tools for Studying Language and Communication in Children with Autism Spectrum DisorderWrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 10: Relationships and Social Development
Chapter Overview
Infant-Caregiver Relationships
Patterns of Care and Interaction: Beliefs About Infants
Cross-Cultural Differences in Mothers' Involvement
Father-Infant Caregiving and Interaction
Cross-Cultural Differences in Fathers' Involvement
Postpartum Depression
Box 10.1. Postpartum Depression in FathersThe Influence of Culture and Context
How Postpartum Depression Affects Infants
Intervention Approaches
Developing Trust, Becoming Attached
Bowlby's Theory of Infant-Caregiver Attachment
Assessing Attachment Relationships
Attachment and Subsequent Development
Box 10.2. The Mother-Child Longitudinal Study of AttachmentSibling Relationships
Becoming a Sibling
How Siblings Contribute to Development
Peer Relationships and Friendship
Peer Interactions
Friendship
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 11: Temperament, Emotions, and the Self
Chapter Overview
Temperament
Defining and Measuring Temperament
Temperament and Biology
Temperament and Attachment
Box 11.1. Goodness of Fit: Temperament, Attachment, and Peer InteractionsTemperament and Personality
Emotions
Theories of Emotions
Box 11.2. Theories of Emotional DevelopmentExpressing Emotions
Perceiving Emotions
Parent Influences on Emotion Development
Regulating Emotions
Developing and Using Social Emotions
The Self
Recognizing the Self
Box 11.3. Evaluating the Self and Self-EsteemWrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Chapter 12: Childcare and Early Intervention
Chapter Overview
Childcare
Maternal Employment
Parental Leave Policies
Childcare Arrangements
Box 12.1. What Does Quality Childcare Look Like?Effects of Childcare: The NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development
Including Children With Disabilities in Childcare
Early Intervention
Poverty as a Risk Factor: Implications for Prevention and Intervention
Early Intervention Through Childcare and Preschool
Early Head Start
Measuring the Impact of Early Childhood Intervention
Wrapping It Up: Summary and Conclusion | Think About It: Questions for Reading and Discussion | Key Words
Glossary
References
Credits
Index
About the Author