The Architect in Practice
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Acknowledgements xvii
Abbreviations and Acronyms xix
Part 1 Practice 1
A THE PRACTITIONER 3
1 The Construction Industry 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Significance of the construction industry 3
1.3 A changing industry 4
1.4 Clients 6
1.5 Contractors 7
1.6 Consultants 9
1.7 Clerk of works 13
1.8 Construction industry bodies 14
References and notes 21
2 Academic and Professional Qualifications 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Relevant bodies 24
2.3 Architectural education and training 29
2.4 Examination of professional practice 36
2.5 Approval of educational programmes 36
2.6 Practising in the United Kingdom 41
2.7 Practising in Ireland 42
2.8 Practising in Egypt, Nigeria and Malaysia 43
2.9 Maintenance of standards, regulation and codes of conduct 46
2.10 ARB's standards of professional conduct and practice 47
2.11 RIBA code of professional conduct 53
2.12 The RIAI code of conduct 55
2.13 Continuing professional development 55
References and notes 57
3 Employment Opportunities 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Private practice 60
3.3 Local authority 62
3.4 Other public sector organisations 63
3.5 Large companies 64
3.6 Contractors 64
3.7 Manufacturers 65
3.8 Academia 66
3.9 Other specialisation 67
3.10 Adjudicator, arbitrator or expert witness 68
References and notes 69
4 Employment 71
4.1 Finding employment 71
4.2 Acceptable job titles 88
4.3 Employment 89
4.4 Job description 92
4.5 Hours of work 93
4.6 Overtime 95
4.7 Salary 96
4.8 Benefits 97
4.9 Professional activities 98
4.10 Expenses 99
4.11 Leave 100
4.12 Disciplinary and grievance procedure 103
4.13 Notice and dismissal 104
4.14 Spare time practice 105
4.15 Monitoring of telephone calls and e-mails 107
4.16 Discrimination 107
References and notes 109
5 Types of Practice 110
5.1 Sole principal 110
5.2 Partnerships 111
5.3 Incorporation 117
5.4 Co-operative 121
5.5 Group practice 121
5.6 Developer/architect/contractor 122
References and notes 123
6 Setting Up in Practice 124
6.1 Sole principal 124
6.2 The decision 124
6.3 Timing 125
6.4 Practical points to decide 126
6.5 Business plan 131
6.6 Enlarging the practice 132
References and notes 134
B PRACTICE MANAGEMENT 135
7 Management Principles 135
7.1 Objectives 135
7.2 Leadership 136
7.3 Communication 137
7.4 Delegation 138
7.5 Motivation 139
References and notes 140
8 General Office Practice 141
8.1 Introduction 141
8.2 Telephone, facsimile (fax) and e-mail 141
8.3 Information technology 144
8.4 Letter writing 145
8.5 Reports 146
8.6 Filing 147
8.7 Office-based meetings 149
8.8 Drawing office practice 149
8.9 Computer-aided design 153
8.10 Presentation 154
8.11 Reproduction 155
8.12 Work programming 155
8.13 Sources of information 156
References and notes 165
9 Marketing 168
9.1 Active marketing 168
9.2 Brochure 170
9.3 Website 171
9.4 Social media 172
9.5 Advertising 173
9.6 Contacts 173
9.7 Competitions 174
9.8 Frameworks 175
9.9 Retaining clients and recommendations 175
References and notes 176
10 Insurance 177
10.1 Introduction 177
10.2 Premises and contents 179
10.3 Public liability 180
10.4 Employer's liability 181
10.5 Professional indemnity 181
10.6 Latent defects insurance 183
10.7 Other insurances 184
References and notes 184
11 Finance and Accounts 185
11.1 Introduction 185
11.2 Accounts 185
11.3 Profit and loss account 185
11.4 Balance sheet 186
11.5 Assets 188
11.6 Liabilities 188
11.7 Capital 189
11.8 Cash-flow forecasting and budgeting 190
11.9 Books of account 191
11.10 Fee invoicing 191
11.11 Value added tax (VAT) 191
11.12 Computerisation 192
11.13 Annual accounts/auditing 192
11.14 Staff time records 193
References and notes 195
Part 2 Running a Project 197
12 The RIBA Plan ofWork 2013 199
12.1 Sequential framework and Plan ofWork 199
12.2 The Plan ofWork explained 202
12.3 Building information modelling (BIM) 208
12.4 BIM overlay to the Plan ofWork 209
12.5 Green principles 209
12.6 Green overlay to the Plan ofWork 210
12.7 New words and phrases 211
References and notes 212
13 Stage 0: Strategic Definition - Appointment 214
13.1 Introduction 214
13.2 Scope of services 215
13.3 Determination of the fee 233
13.4 Terms of appointment 240
13.5 Consultants 243
13.6 Project managers 245
References and notes 248
14 Stage 0: Strategic Definition - Terms 250
14.1 Standard forms of agreement 250
14.2 Standard Agreement 2010 (2012 revision): Architect 251
14.3 Duty of care agreements (collateral warranties) 280
References and notes 287
15 Stage 1: Preparation and Brief 288
15.1 Feasibility studies 288
15.2 Site and building acquisition 293
15.3 Surveys 295
15.4 The brief 301
15.5 Reporting 302
References and notes 303
16 Stage 2: Concept Design 304
16.1 Design data 304
16.2 Concept design and its development 305
16.3 Cost estimates and planning 306
16.4 Procurement paths and implications for the professional 307
16.5 Contract selection and implications 317
16.6 Guaranteed maximum price 320
16.7 PFI Contracts 322
16.8 Partnering 323
References and notes 325
17 Stage 3: Developed Design 327
17.1 General 327
17.2 Planning applications and approvals 328
17.3 Other approvals 353
17.4 Property 353
References and notes 361
18 Stage 4: Technical Design 363
18.1 Technical design 363
18.2 Production information 366
18.3 Building regulations 2010 (as amended) 369
References and notes 379
19 Stage 4: Technical Design: Tender Documentation and Tender Action 380
19.1 Introduction 380
19.2 Co-ordinated project information 381
19.3 Bills of quantities 383
19.4 Specifications 390
19.5 Schedules of work 393
19.6 Activity schedules 393
19.7 Tendering 393
19.8 Preparing the contract documents 403
References and notes 404
20 Stage 5: Construction 405
20.1 Contractor's programme 405
20.2 Meetings 408
20.3 Site inspections 413
20.4 Safety 414
20.5 Architect's instructions and variations 415
20.6 Variations and their valuation 418
20.7 Controlling costs 422
20.8 Workmanship and materials 423
20.9 Certificates and payments 426
20.10 Delays and extensions of time 435
20.11 Financial claims 438
20.12 Termination 440
References and notes 443
21 Stage 6: Handover and Close Out 446
21.1 Practical completion 446
21.2 Rectification period 451
21.3 Adjustment of contract sum 454
21.4 Final certificate 457
References and notes 461
22 Stage 7: In Use 463
22.1 Review of project 463
22.2 Architect's review 464
22.3 Client review 466
22.4 Review of building in use 467
References and notes 467
Table of Cases 468
Index 473
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AA CPE Architectural Association School of Architecture (London) Certificate of Professional Experience ABE Association of Building Engineers AC Appeal case ACA Association of Consultant Architects ACA 3 ACA Form of Building Agreement 1998 (1999 revision) ACA SFA The Association of Consultant Architects Standard Form of Agreement for the Appointment of an Architect 2012 ACEu Architects Council of Europe ACAS Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service ACE Association for Consultancy and Engineering All ER All England Law Reports APEAS Architects Professional Examination in Scotland (Edinburgh) APM Association for Project Management APSAA Association of Professional Studies Advisors in Architecture ARB Architects Registration Board ARCON Architects Registration Council of Nigeria ARCUK Architects Registration Council of the United Kingdom BAE Board of Architectural Education BBA British Board of Agrément BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BCIS Building Cost Information Service BEC Building Employers Confederation BIM Building Information Modelling BLR Building Law Reports BPF British Property Federation BPIC Building Project Information Committee BRE Building Research Establishment BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology BSI British Standards Institute BSRIA Building Services Research and Information Association BUILD Building Users' Insurance Against Latent Defects CAA Commonwealth Association of Architects CABE Chartered Association of Building Engineers CAD Computer-aided design CATS Credit Award Transfer System CAWS Common Arrangement of Work Sections CBC RIBA Concise Building Contract 2014 CBI Confederation of British Industry CC Construction Confederation CCG Construction Client's Group CCPI Co-ordinating Committee for Project Information CD81 JCT Standard Form of Building Contract with Contractor's Design 1981 CDMR Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 CDP Act Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 CE11 JCT Constructing Excellence Contract 2011 (note that the JCT abbreviate for this contract is CE but because this abbreviation is used for Conformité Européenne the abbreviation CE 11 has been adopted in this book) CE Conformité Européenne CE/P JCT Constructing Excellence Project Team Agreement 2011 CE/95 RIBA Conditions of Engagement for the Appointment of an Architect 1995 CESMM Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement ClArb Chartered Institute of Arbitrators CIB Construction Industry Board CIBSE Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers CIC Construction Industry Council CIJC Construction Industry Joint Council CIOB Chartered Institute of Building CIMAR Construction Industry Model Arbitration Rules CI/SfB Construction Information/Samarbetskommitten for Byggnadsfragor CIL Community Infrastructure Levy CILL Construction Industry Law Letter CIRIA Construction Industry Research and Information Association CITB Construction Industry Training Board CLD Construction Law Digest CLG Communities and Local Government ConLR Construction Law Reports ConstLJ Construction Law Journal CM/A JCT Construction Management Appointment 2011 CM/TC JCT Construction Management Trade Contract 2011 CPA Construction Products Association CPD Continuing professional development CPI Co-ordinated project information CPIC Construction Project Information Committee CV Curriculum vitae DB JCT Design and Build Contract 2011 DBC RIBA Domestic Building Contract 2014 DCLG Department of Communities and Local Government DCMS Department of Culture, Media and Sport DEFRA Departments of Transport, the Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs DOE Department of the Environment DWP Department for Work and Pensions ECC NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract ECLG Environment Community and Local Government ECTS European Credit Transfer System EH English Heritage EMR Electromagnetic Radiation ENACA European Network of Architectural Competent Authorities EPC Energy Performance Certificate EPIC Electronic Product Information Co-operation EU European Union FA JCT Framework Agreement 2011 GMP Guaranteed Maximum Price GN Guidance Notes GDPO The Town and Country Planning (General Development Procedure) Order 1995, with later amendments GPDO The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995, with many later amendments HE Historic England HO/C Building contract for a home owner/occupier who has appointed a consultant to oversee the work 2005 HO/CA Consultancy agreement for a home owner/occupier appointing a consultant in relation to building work 2005 HO/B Building contract for a home owner/occupier who has not appointed a consultant to oversee the work 2005 HSE Health and Safety Executive IC JCT Intermediate Building Contract 2011 ICSub/NAM/E Intermediate Named Sub-Contractor/Employer Agreement ICSub/NAM Intermediate Named Sub-Contract Tender and Agreement ICC ACE and CECA Infrastructure Conditions of Contract (ICC) 2011 ICD JCT Intermediate Building Contract with contractor's design 2011 ICE Institution of Civil Engineers ICWCI Institute of Clerks of Works and Construction Inspectorate of Great Britain Inc IES Integrated Environmental...
