The Architect in Practice

Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii Abbreviations and Acronyms xix Part 1 Practice 1 A THE PRACTITIONER 3 1 The Construction Industry 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Significance of the construction industry 3 1.3 A changing industry 4 1.4 Clients 6 1.5 Contractors 7 1.6 Consultants 9 1.7 Clerk of works 13 1.8 Construction industry bodies 14 References and notes 21 2 Academic and Professional Qualifications 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Relevant bodies 24 2.3 Architectural education and training 29 2.4 Examination of professional practice 36 2.5 Approval of educational programmes 36 2.6 Practising in the United Kingdom 41 2.7 Practising in Ireland 42 2.8 Practising in Egypt, Nigeria and Malaysia 43 2.9 Maintenance of standards, regulation and codes of conduct 46 2.10 ARB's standards of professional conduct and practice 47 2.11 RIBA code of professional conduct 53 2.12 The RIAI code of conduct 55 2.13 Continuing professional development 55 References and notes 57 3 Employment Opportunities 59 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Private practice 60 3.3 Local authority 62 3.4 Other public sector organisations 63 3.5 Large companies 64 3.6 Contractors 64 3.7 Manufacturers 65 3.8 Academia 66 3.9 Other specialisation 67 3.10 Adjudicator, arbitrator or expert witness 68 References and notes 69 4 Employment 71 4.1 Finding employment 71 4.2 Acceptable job titles 88 4.3 Employment 89 4.4 Job description 92 4.5 Hours of work 93 4.6 Overtime 95 4.7 Salary 96 4.8 Benefits 97 4.9 Professional activities 98 4.10 Expenses 99 4.11 Leave 100 4.12 Disciplinary and grievance procedure 103 4.13 Notice and dismissal 104 4.14 Spare time practice 105 4.15 Monitoring of telephone calls and e-mails 107 4.16 Discrimination 107 References and notes 109 5 Types of Practice 110 5.1 Sole principal 110 5.2 Partnerships 111 5.3 Incorporation 117 5.4 Co-operative 121 5.5 Group practice 121 5.6 Developer/architect/contractor 122 References and notes 123 6 Setting Up in Practice 124 6.1 Sole principal 124 6.2 The decision 124 6.3 Timing 125 6.4 Practical points to decide 126 6.5 Business plan 131 6.6 Enlarging the practice 132 References and notes 134 B PRACTICE MANAGEMENT 135 7 Management Principles 135 7.1 Objectives 135 7.2 Leadership 136 7.3 Communication 137 7.4 Delegation 138 7.5 Motivation 139 References and notes 140 8 General Office Practice 141 8.1 Introduction 141 8.2 Telephone, facsimile (fax) and e-mail 141 8.3 Information technology 144 8.4 Letter writing 145 8.5 Reports 146 8.6 Filing 147 8.7 Office-based meetings 149 8.8 Drawing office practice 149 8.9 Computer-aided design 153 8.10 Presentation 154 8.11 Reproduction 155 8.12 Work programming 155 8.13 Sources of information 156 References and notes 165 9 Marketing 168 9.1 Active marketing 168 9.2 Brochure 170 9.3 Website 171 9.4 Social media 172 9.5 Advertising 173 9.6 Contacts 173 9.7 Competitions 174 9.8 Frameworks 175 9.9 Retaining clients and recommendations 175 References and notes 176 10 Insurance 177 10.1 Introduction 177 10.2 Premises and contents 179 10.3 Public liability 180 10.4 Employer's liability 181 10.5 Professional indemnity 181 10.6 Latent defects insurance 183 10.7 Other insurances 184 References and notes 184 11 Finance and Accounts 185 11.1 Introduction 185 11.2 Accounts 185 11.3 Profit and loss account 185 11.4 Balance sheet 186 11.5 Assets 188 11.6 Liabilities 188 11.7 Capital 189 11.8 Cash-flow forecasting and budgeting 190 11.9 Books of account 191 11.10 Fee invoicing 191 11.11 Value added tax (VAT) 191 11.12 Computerisation 192 11.13 Annual accounts/auditing 192 11.14 Staff time records 193 References and notes 195 Part 2 Running a Project 197 12 The RIBA Plan ofWork 2013 199 12.1 Sequential framework and Plan ofWork 199 12.2 The Plan ofWork explained 202 12.3 Building information modelling (BIM) 208 12.4 BIM overlay to the Plan ofWork 209 12.5 Green principles 209 12.6 Green overlay to the Plan ofWork 210 12.7 New words and phrases 211 References and notes 212 13 Stage 0: Strategic Definition - Appointment 214 13.1 Introduction 214 13.2 Scope of services 215 13.3 Determination of the fee 233 13.4 Terms of appointment 240 13.5 Consultants 243 13.6 Project managers 245 References and notes 248 14 Stage 0: Strategic Definition - Terms 250 14.1 Standard forms of agreement 250 14.2 Standard Agreement 2010 (2012 revision): Architect 251 14.3 Duty of care agreements (collateral warranties) 280 References and notes 287 15 Stage 1: Preparation and Brief 288 15.1 Feasibility studies 288 15.2 Site and building acquisition 293 15.3 Surveys 295 15.4 The brief 301 15.5 Reporting 302 References and notes 303 16 Stage 2: Concept Design 304 16.1 Design data 304 16.2 Concept design and its development 305 16.3 Cost estimates and planning 306 16.4 Procurement paths and implications for the professional 307 16.5 Contract selection and implications 317 16.6 Guaranteed maximum price 320 16.7 PFI Contracts 322 16.8 Partnering 323 References and notes 325 17 Stage 3: Developed Design 327 17.1 General 327 17.2 Planning applications and approvals 328 17.3 Other approvals 353 17.4 Property 353 References and notes 361 18 Stage 4: Technical Design 363 18.1 Technical design 363 18.2 Production information 366 18.3 Building regulations 2010 (as amended) 369 References and notes 379 19 Stage 4: Technical Design: Tender Documentation and Tender Action 380 19.1 Introduction 380 19.2 Co-ordinated project information 381 19.3 Bills of quantities 383 19.4 Specifications 390 19.5 Schedules of work 393 19.6 Activity schedules 393 19.7 Tendering 393 19.8 Preparing the contract documents 403 References and notes 404 20 Stage 5: Construction 405 20.1 Contractor's programme 405 20.2 Meetings 408 20.3 Site inspections 413 20.4 Safety 414 20.5 Architect's instructions and variations 415 20.6 Variations and their valuation 418 20.7 Controlling costs 422 20.8 Workmanship and materials 423 20.9 Certificates and payments 426 20.10 Delays and extensions of time 435 20.11 Financial claims 438 20.12 Termination 440 References and notes 443 21 Stage 6: Handover and Close Out 446 21.1 Practical completion 446 21.2 Rectification period 451 21.3 Adjustment of contract sum 454 21.4 Final certificate 457 References and notes 461 22 Stage 7: In Use 463 22.1 Review of project 463 22.2 Architect's review 464 22.3 Client review 466 22.4 Review of building in use 467 References and notes 467 Table of Cases 468 Index 473