
Science in the Enlightenment
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Though the Enlightenment was a time of amazing scientific change, science is an often-neglected facet of that time. Now, Science in the Enlightenment redresses the balance by covering all the major scientific developments in the period between Newton's discoveries in the late 1600s to the early 1800s of Michael Faraday and Georges Cuvier.
Over 200 A-Z entries explore a range of disciplines, including astronomy and medicine, scientists such as Sir Humphry Davy and Benjamin Franklin, and instruments such as the telescope and calorimeter. Emphasis is placed on the role of women, and proper attention is given to the shifts in the worldview brought about by Newtonian physics, Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier's "chemical revolution," and universal systems of botanical and zoological classification. Moreover, the social impact of science is explored, as well as the ways in which the work of scientists influenced the thinking of philosophers such as Voltaire and Denis Diderot and the writers and artists of the romantic movement.
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Content
- Cover
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface and Acknowledgments
- The Scientific Revolution of the Seventeenth Century
- The French Predominance
- The Diffusion of Science throughout Europe and the World
- Science, Enlightenment, and Romanticism
- Physics and Astronomy
- The Chemical Revolution
- Sciences of the Earth
- Botany and the Struggle for Classification
- The Beginnings of Biology
- Topic Finder
- Instruments and Devices
- Language and Communication
- People
- Colonial America and the United States
- France
- Germany
- Great Britain
- Italy
- Sweden
- Elsewhere
- Science and Society
- Scientific Disciplines
- Scientific Institutions, General
- Scientific Institutions, Specific
- Theories and Ideologies
- Topics of Investigation
- A
- Academies and Scientific Societies
- Agriculture
- Alchemy
- Alembert, Jean Le Rond d' (1717-1783)
- American Philosophical Society
- Ampère, André-Marie (1775-1836)
- Anatomy
- Arcueil, Society of
- Astronomy
- Atomism
- Avogadro, Amedeo (1776-1856)
- B
- Ballooning
- Banks, Sir Joseph (1743-1820)
- Bartram Family
- Bassi, Laure Maria Catarina (1711-1778)
- Beddoes, Thomas (1760-1808)
- Berlin Academy
- Bernoulli Family
- Berthollet, Claude-Louis (1748-1822)
- Berzelius, Jöns Jakob (1779-1848)
- Bichat, Marie-François-Xavier (1771-1802)
- Black, Joseph (1728-1799)
- Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich (1752-1840)
- Boerhaave, Hermann (1668-1738)
- Bologna Academy of Sciences
- Bonnet, Charles (1720-1793)
- Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe (1711-1787)
- Botanical Gardens
- Botany
- Böttger, Johann Friedrich (1682-1719)
- Bradley, James (1693-1762)
- Brown, Robert (1773-1858)
- Brunonianism
- Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1707-1788)
- C
- Calculus
- Calorimeters
- Cartesianism
- Cassini Family
- Cavendish, Henry (1731-1810)
- Châtelet, Gabrielle-Émilie du (1706-1749)
- Chemical Nomenclature
- Chemistry
- Cheyne, George (1671-1743)
- Colonial Science
- Comets
- Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (1715-1780)
- Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de (1743-1794)
- Cook, James (1728-1779)
- Coudray, Angelique Marguerite Le Boursier du (c. 1714-1794)
- Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de (1736-1806)
- Crell, Lorenz Florens Friedrich von (1744-1816)
- Cuvier, Georges (1769-1832)
- D
- Dalton, John (1766-1844)
- Darwin, Erasmus (1731-1802)
- Davy, Sir Humphry (1778-1829)
- Derby Philosophical Society
- Desaguliers, John Theophilus (1683-1744)
- Diderot, Denis (1713-1784)
- E
- Earthquakes
- Education
- Egyptian Expedition
- Electricity
- Embryology
- Encyclopedias
- Engineering
- The Enlightenment
- Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783)
- Exploration, Discovery, and Colonization
- F
- Farming
- Fossils
- Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790)
- Freemasonry
- French Revolution
- G
- Galvani, Luigi (1737-1798)
- Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855)
- Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis (1778-1850)
- Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne (1772-1844)
- Geology
- Germain, Sophie (1776-1831)
- Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749-1832)
- H
- Hales, Stephen (1677-1761)
- Haller, Albrecht von (1708-1777)
- Hauksbee, Francis (c. 1666-1713)
- Heat
- Herschel Family
- Hospitals
- Humboldt, Alexander von (1769-1859)
- Hunter Family
- Hutchinsonianism
- Hutton, James (1726-1797)
- Hygrometers
- I
- Illustration
- Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg
- Industrialization
- Insanity
- Instrument Making
- J
- Japan, Western Science in
- Jewish Culture
- Journals
- K
- Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804)
- Kew Gardens
- Klaproth, Martin Heinrich (1743-1817)
- L
- La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de (1709-1751)
- Lagrange, Joseph-Louis (1736-1813)
- Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste-Pierre-Antoine de Monet de (1744-1829)
- Laplace, Pierre-Simon de (1749-1827)
- Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent (1743-1794)
- Leiden Jars
- Lewis and Clark Expedition
- Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (1742-1799)
- Lightning Rods
- Linnaeus, Carolus (1707-1778)
- Linnean Society
- Literature
- Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich (1711-1765)
- Longitude Problem
- Lunar Society of Birmingham
- M
- Macquer, Pierre Joseph (1718-1784)
- Madness
- Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
- Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund (1709-1782)
- Maskelyne, Nevil (1732-1811)
- Masons
- Masturbation
- Materialism
- Mathematics
- Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de (1698-1759)
- Mayer, Johann Tobias (1723-1762)
- Mechanics
- Medicine
- Mesmerism and Animal Magnetism
- Meteorology
- Meteors and Meteorites
- Metric System
- Michaux Family
- Microscopes
- Midwives
- Museum of Natural History (Paris)
- Museums
- N
- Napoleonic Science
- Nationalism
- Natural Theology
- Naturphilosophie
- Navigation
- Newtonianism
- Nollet, Jean-Antoine (1700-1770)
- O
- Observatories
- Oceanography
- Optics
- Ørsted, Hans Christian (1777-1851)
- P
- Periodicals
- Phlogiston
- Physics
- Physiology
- Plant Physiology
- Poliniere, Pierre (1671-1734)
- Polyps
- Popularization
- Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804)
- Probability
- Psychology
- R
- Race
- Rain Gauges
- Reil, Johann Christian (1759-1813)
- Religion
- Ritter, Johann Wilhelm (1776-1810)
- Romanticism
- Royal Academy of Sciences
- Royal Botanical Expedition (Spain)
- Royal Society
- Royal Society of Edinburgh
- Royal Society of Medicine (France)
- Royal Swedish Academy of Science
- S
- Scheele, Carl Wilhelm (1742-1786)
- Sexual Difference
- Sloane, Sir Hans (1660-1753)
- Smallpox Inoculation
- Spallanzani, Lazzaro (1729-1799)
- Stahl, Georg Ernst (1660-1734)
- Surgeons and Surgery
- T
- Technology and Engineering
- Telescopes
- Thermometers
- Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford) (1753-1814)
- Toft Case
- Transits
- U
- Universities
- University of Edinburgh
- University of Halle
- University of Leiden
- V
- Vitalism
- Volcanoes
- Volta, Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio (1745-1827)
- Voltaire (1694-1778)
- W
- War
- Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1750-1817)
- Whiston, William (1667-1752)
- Wolff, Christian (1679-1754)
- Women
- Z
- Zoology
- Chronology
- Bibliography
- Useful Web Sites
- Index
- About the Author
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